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Questions and Answers
What type of classification is based on evolutionary history?
What type of classification is based on evolutionary history?
- Phylogeny
- Molecular Clock
- Taxonomy
- Evolutionary Classification (correct)
What is the discipline of classifying and naming organisms called?
What is the discipline of classifying and naming organisms called?
Taxonomy
What taxon is composed of similar orders?
What taxon is composed of similar orders?
Class
What taxon is composed of similar classes?
What taxon is composed of similar classes?
What type of clock estimates how long species have been evolving independently?
What type of clock estimates how long species have been evolving independently?
Which kingdom in the Eukarya domain includes single-celled autotrophs?
Which kingdom in the Eukarya domain includes single-celled autotrophs?
What is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms called?
What is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms called?
What is the taxon that is higher than the kingdom?
What is the taxon that is higher than the kingdom?
What taxon is composed of similar genera?
What taxon is composed of similar genera?
What is the taxon composed of closely related species?
What is the taxon composed of closely related species?
What is a diagram based on derived characters called?
What is a diagram based on derived characters called?
What is the general term for any level, or category, in a taxonomic system?
What is the general term for any level, or category, in a taxonomic system?
What taxon is composed of similar families?
What taxon is composed of similar families?
The members of the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea are similar in that they are all _____ prokaryotes that are either autotrophs or heterotrophs.
The members of the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea are similar in that they are all _____ prokaryotes that are either autotrophs or heterotrophs.
Which domain is the only one that includes organisms with a nucleus in their cells?
Which domain is the only one that includes organisms with a nucleus in their cells?
Two ways that most members of the kingdom Plantae and the kingdom Animalia differ are that Animalia does not have _____ or _____, while Plantae does.
Two ways that most members of the kingdom Plantae and the kingdom Animalia differ are that Animalia does not have _____ or _____, while Plantae does.
What classification system did biologists use to group organisms in a logical manner?
What classification system did biologists use to group organisms in a logical manner?
What is the system called where each species is assigned a two-part scientific name?
What is the system called where each species is assigned a two-part scientific name?
Who came up with the classification system?
Who came up with the classification system?
What are the two kingdoms that Linnaeus came up with?
What are the two kingdoms that Linnaeus came up with?
What are the 7 levels of classification defined by Linnaeus?
What are the 7 levels of classification defined by Linnaeus?
What does it mean when organisms are grouped in categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent?
What does it mean when organisms are grouped in categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent?
What shows important similarities at the molecular level?
What shows important similarities at the molecular level?
What can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships?
What can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships?
What are the six kingdoms of the classification system?
What are the six kingdoms of the classification system?
What are the three domains of life?
What are the three domains of life?
What is the domain composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals?
What is the domain composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals?
Which domain corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria?
Which domain corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria?
Which domain corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria?
Which domain corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria?
What did Linnaeus base his groupings on?
What did Linnaeus base his groupings on?
What is more closely related species part of?
What is more closely related species part of?
What do all members of a genus share?
What do all members of a genus share?
The higher the level of taxon, ______ the common ancestor of all the organisms in the taxon.
The higher the level of taxon, ______ the common ancestor of all the organisms in the taxon.
What may cause organisms that appear very similar to not share a recent common ancestor?
What may cause organisms that appear very similar to not share a recent common ancestor?
What identifies only new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time?
What identifies only new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time?
What characterizes characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members?
What characterizes characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members?
What helps scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution?
What helps scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution?
What show many surprising similarities among very diverse organisms?
What show many surprising similarities among very diverse organisms?
What is a protein that is present in both humans and yeast?
What is a protein that is present in both humans and yeast?
The more similar the DNA sequences of two species, the more recently they shared a _____ common ancestor.
The more similar the DNA sequences of two species, the more recently they shared a _____ common ancestor.
The more two species have diverged from one another, the less similar their _____ will be.
The more two species have diverged from one another, the less similar their _____ will be.
What separates Bacteria from Archaea?
What separates Bacteria from Archaea?
What is the domain that is unicellular and prokaryotic with thick, rigid cell walls?
What is the domain that is unicellular and prokaryotic with thick, rigid cell walls?
What is the domain that is unicellular and prokaryotic, can only survive in the absence of oxygen?
What is the domain that is unicellular and prokaryotic, can only survive in the absence of oxygen?
What are eukaryotes that can be either heterotrophs or autotrophs but display the greatest variety?
What are eukaryotes that can be either heterotrophs or autotrophs but display the greatest variety?
What are eukaryotes that can be either heterotrophs or autotrophs, either unicellular or multicellular that feed off dead or decaying matter?
What are eukaryotes that can be either heterotrophs or autotrophs, either unicellular or multicellular that feed off dead or decaying matter?
What are multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose?
What are multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose?
What are multicellular heterotrophs that do not have cell walls or chloroplasts?
What are multicellular heterotrophs that do not have cell walls or chloroplasts?
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Study Notes
Classification and Taxonomy
- Evolutionary classification organizes organisms based on their evolutionary history.
- Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
- Linnaeus established a hierarchical classification system, including seven levels: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Class: A taxon that includes similar orders.
- Phylum: A taxon consisting of similar classes.
- Family: Composed of similar genera.
- Genus: Groups closely related species, sharing a recent common ancestor.
- Order: Made up of similar families.
Domains and Kingdoms
- There are three domains of life: Eukarya (includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals), Bacteria (corresponds to kingdom Eubacteria), and Archaea (corresponds to kingdom Archaebacteria).
- The six kingdoms in the classification system are Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Characteristics of Domains and Kingdoms
- Domain Eukarya consists of organisms with nucleus-containing cells.
- Domain Bacteria includes unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in cell walls.
- Domain Archaea consists of unicellular prokaryotes that thrive in extreme conditions and have unique lipids in their membranes.
- Kingdom Plantae: Multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs with cellulose-based cell walls.
- Kingdom Animalia: Multicellular heterotrophs without cell walls or chloroplasts.
Cladistics and Phylogeny
- Cladograms are diagrams representing evolutionary relationships based on derived characteristics.
- Phylogeny studies the evolutionary relationships among organisms, revealing how lineages branch over time.
- Derived characteristics are traits that appear in recent lineage branches but not in older relatives.
Molecular Classification
- Molecular clocks utilize genetic data to estimate evolutionary timelines and relationships.
- Similarities in DNA and genes reveal surprising connections between diverse organisms, showing more recent common ancestry when sequences are alike.
Key Figures
- Carolus Linnaeus is the scientist who developed the classification system, identifying Plantae and Animalia as essential kingdoms.
Similarities and Differences
- Linnaeus based his groupings on visible similarities and differences.
- Natural selection can create similarities among organisms in similar ecological niches, even if they do not share recent common ancestry.
- Organisms are classified to study life's diversity through logical groupings based on genetic, morphological, and ecological characteristics.
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