Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is taxonomy?
What is taxonomy?
The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.
Who created our current classification system?
Who created our current classification system?
Carlos Linnaeus.
What are the two parts of the scientific name of an organism called?
What are the two parts of the scientific name of an organism called?
- Species (correct)
- Order
- Genus (correct)
- Phylum
What is the system of a two-part name known as?
What is the system of a two-part name known as?
What is the scientific name for the Brown Bear?
What is the scientific name for the Brown Bear?
What is the scientific name for the Polar Bear?
What is the scientific name for the Polar Bear?
Which of the following is true about writing scientific names?
Which of the following is true about writing scientific names?
Match the following domains of life with their correct categories:
Match the following domains of life with their correct categories:
What are the main characteristics that classify Porifera as animals?
What are the main characteristics that classify Porifera as animals?
Where do sponges typically live?
Where do sponges typically live?
Sponges are symmetrical organisms.
Sponges are symmetrical organisms.
What structure allows water to enter and exit a sponge?
What structure allows water to enter and exit a sponge?
What is the approximate number of sponge species?
What is the approximate number of sponge species?
How do sponges acquire oxygen?
How do sponges acquire oxygen?
Where does digestion take place in sponges?
Where does digestion take place in sponges?
What method do sponges use to acquire food?
What method do sponges use to acquire food?
How are nutrients passed to other cells in sponges?
How are nutrients passed to other cells in sponges?
How do sponge cells get rid of waste?
How do sponge cells get rid of waste?
Sponges have a complex nervous system.
Sponges have a complex nervous system.
What best describes the motility of sponges?
What best describes the motility of sponges?
Which methods do sponges use for reproduction?
Which methods do sponges use for reproduction?
What is a common method of asexual reproduction in sponges?
What is a common method of asexual reproduction in sponges?
How does sexual reproduction occur in sponges?
How does sexual reproduction occur in sponges?
What is phylogeny?
What is phylogeny?
What is a cladogram?
What is a cladogram?
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Study Notes
Taxonomy and Classification
- Taxonomy involves describing, naming, and classifying organisms.
- Modern classification is based on the system developed by Carl Linnaeus.
- Organisms are identified using a binomial nomenclature system, consisting of a genus and species name.
- Example: Brown Bear is classified as Ursus horribilis; Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus.
Scientific Naming Convention
- Scientific names are italicized or underlined, with the genus capitalized and species in lowercase.
- Classification includes hierarchical categories such as Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
Domains of Life
- Three main domains exist: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- Domain Bacteria corresponds to Kingdom Eubacteria; consists of true bacteria and single-celled prokaryotes.
- Domain Archaea aligns with Kingdom Archaebacteria; these are also prokaryotic and can thrive in extreme environments.
- Domain Eukarya includes organisms from Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, all having eukaryotic cells.
Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
- Sponges, belonging to Phylum Porifera, are categorized as pore-bearers.
- They are heterotrophic, multicellular, lack cell walls, and possess specialized cells.
- Live in diverse habitats, including oceans and freshwater sources.
Sponge Biology and Anatomy
- Most sponges exhibit asymmetrical body plans.
- Basic shape is a hollow cylinder, closed at the bottom and open at the top.
- Water enters through small pores called ostia, exits through a larger opening known as the osculum.
- Supporting structures include spongin (protein) and spicules (spike-like structures).
Sponge Physiology
- Approximately 5,000 sponge species identified.
- Sponges lack a circulatory and nervous system.
- Oxygen enters sponge cells through diffusion, while choanocytes are responsible for digestion.
- Nutrients are distributed by specialized cells called amoebocytes.
Feeding and Waste Management
- Sponges feed via filter feeding, capturing particles from the water.
- Waste is eliminated through diffusion into the surrounding water.
Reproductive Strategies
- Reproduce both sexually (sperm released into water to fertilize eggs in other sponges) and asexually (budding).
- Larvae are motile, featuring flagella, and are dispersed by water currents.
Ecological Role and Relationships
- Sponges serve as habitats for various marine organisms.
- They maintain aquatic ecosystems by filtering water and forming mutualistic relationships with bacteria, algae, and protists.
Phylogeny and Cladogram Analysis
- Phylogeny studies evolutionary relationships and classifies organisms based on their evolutionary history.
- Cladograms visually represent these relationships, demonstrating how species are related and share common ancestors, with derived characteristics passed down through generations.
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