Understanding Taxonomy, Classification and Binomial Names

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Questions and Answers

Match the following levels of classification with their descriptions:

Domain = The broadest, most inclusive level Kingdom = A group of organisms with similar characteristics, under domain Species = The most specific level, identifying a unique group of organisms Class = A group of similar orders

Match the following characteristics with the domain they describe:

Archaea = Often live in extreme environments; prokaryotic Bacteria = Common prokaryotes; diverse and widespread Eukarya = Organisms with cells containing a nucleus Protista = A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that don't fit into other kingdoms

Match the terms with their descriptions related to the naming of organisms.

Binomial Nomenclature = A two-word naming system using genus and species Genus = The first part of a scientific name; a group of closely related species Species = The second part of a scientific name; identifies a specific organism Taxonomy = The science of classifying and naming organisms

Match the following types of extremophiles with their preferred conditions:

<p>Thermophiles = High temperatures Halophiles = High salt concentrations Methanogens = Oxygen-free environments, producing methane Acidophiles = Highly acidic conditions</p>
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Match the following kingdoms of Eukarya with their descriptions:

<p>Plantae = Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls Animalia = Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms without cell walls Fungi = Heterotrophic organisms with cell walls; primarily decomposers Protista = A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that don't fit into other kingdoms</p>
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Match the following ecological roles with the organisms that typically perform them:

<p>Producers = Plants and plant-like protists Decomposers = Fungi and some bacteria Consumers = Animals Nitrogen Fixers = Bacteria in the soil and root nodules</p>
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Match the term with what node indicates on a cladogram.

<p>Cladogram = A branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships Node = A point where traits diverge; a common ancestor Trait = Appearance just before a point that organisms after a node share Divergence = The process in which species accumulate differences</p>
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Match each kingdom with the correct cell structure traits.

<p>Plantae = Cell walls containing cellulose; nucleus present Animalia = No cell walls; nucleus present Fungi = Cell walls containing chitin; nucleus present Archaebacteria = Prokaryote; cell wall present without peptidoglycan</p>
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Match the ecosystem roles in which plants contribute.

<p>Oxygen Production = They create oxygen through photosynthesis Prevents Soil Erosion = Plant roots hold soil in place Food Source = Plants that are eaten by many organisms Shelter = For many organisms, plants provide shelter, food, and nesting sites.</p>
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Match the ecosystem roles in which animals contribute.

<p>Carbon Dioxide production = Animal respiration provides $CO_2$ for plants during photosynthesis Pollination = Insects, birds, and bats pollinate plant life to ensure plant reproduction Seed Dispersal = They eat fruit and distribute seeds elsewhere Population Control = Balance populations with predation</p>
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Match each kingdom with the correct mode of nutrition.

<p>Plantae = Autotrophic Animalia = Heterotrophic Fungi = Heterotrophic (absorptive) Protista = Autotrophic or Heterotrophic</p>
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Match the description with the group of protists.

<p>Plant-like = Make their own food through photosynthesis Animal-like = Eat other organisms Fungi-like = Decompose organic matter and absorb nutrients Single-celled = Most protists are unicellular and live in a moist place</p>
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Match the extremophile group with the condition in its extreme environment.

<p>Halophiles = High salt conditions Thermophiles = Very hot water conditions Methanogens = Environments that lack oxygen Autotroph = They produce their own nourishment</p>
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Match the statement with the term that it best describes.

<p>Multicellular = Consisting of many cells Prokaryote = A cell that does not have a nucleus Eukaryote = Cells that contain a nucleus Unicellular = Single-celled organisms</p>
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What pairs of names make up the binomial nomenclature.

<p>Binomial Nomenclature = Organisms are named with two Latin words (genus and species) Genus = The first word in binomial nomenclature that signifies a group of closely related species Species = The second part of the binomial nomenclature that is a specific type of organism Hybrid Naming = When the same common name is used for two species</p>
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Match the classification of the following groundhog names.

<p>Binomial Nomenclature = A uniform name given to the animal, such as Marmota monax Common Name = Animal names, such as Whistle Pig or Woodchuck Naming System = Allows similar species to be grouped under the genus name Problems Solved = Allowed scientists to avoid confusion from having many common names for species</p>
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Match The Following Names.

<p>Carolus Linnaeus = A pioneer in taxonomy who developed binomial nomenclature Aristotle = One of the first people to classify organisms by traits Darwin = Developed the theory of evolution Franklin = Discovered the structure of DNA</p>
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What characteristic best describes Kingdom Animalia?

<p>Eukaryote = Organism with a nucleus Heterotrophic = They get food from eating other organisms Locomotion = They move around Food Web Consumers = Consumers in the food web help control populations</p>
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Match how the domains are structured.

<p>Cell Structure = Determine Domain Genetic Code = Determine common ancestry of species Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria = The highest order to classify living things Hierarchical Structure = Species becomes less specific further you go down chain</p>
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Match the term with its description.

<p>Classification = To systematically organize entities into similar groups Taxonomy = Scientific discipline focused on classifying and arranging organisms, involving description, identification, and nomenclature Systematics = Study to determine the organization of organisms Phylogeny = Analysis of evolutionary relationships among taxons</p>
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Flashcards

What is Taxonomy?

Branch of science classifying organisms.

What is Classification?

Organizing things based on shared qualities

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

Two-term naming system for living organisms

What are Multicellular organisms?

Organisms with more than one cell

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What is a Domain?

Highest classification level, encompasses all life (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya)

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What is a Kingdom?

Classification after domain; six total

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What is Archaea?

Single-celled, prokaryotic organisms.

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What are bacteria?

Second domain of classification; prokaryotic, unicellular, wide range

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What is Eukarya?

Domain with organisms that contain a nucleus.

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What are Prokaryotic cells?

Cells without a nucleus or organelles

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What are Eukaryotic cells?

Complex cells with a nucleus

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What are Unicellular organisms?

Single-celled organisms

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What is Binomial nomenclature?

System using two Latin words to name organisms.

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What is a cladogram?

Diagram showing evolutionary relationships with branches

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What is a node?

Point in cladogram where traits diverge

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What are Extremophiles?

Live in extreme conditions, like high salt or heat.

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What are Archaebacteria?

Single-celled organisms, cell walls, non-disease causing.

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What are Halophiles?

Love salt and live in salty places like Dead Sea.

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What are Methanogens?

Make methane and live without oxygen.

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What are Thermophiles?

Love heat; live in hot water sources.

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Study Notes

  • Taxonomy is the branch of science classifying organisms.
  • Classification is the process of categorizing based on shared characteristics.
  • Binomial nomenclature uses two terms to denote a species of living organism.
  • Multicellular organisms consist of more than one cell.
  • Domain is the highest level of classification, which includes the groups: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
  • Kingdom is the second order of classification; there are six kingdoms.
  • Taxonomy is how scientists name and organize living things by traits.
  • Carolus Linnaeus created a scientific naming system in the 1700s, which makes understanding relationships easier.
  • Binomial nomenclature names organisms using two Latin words.
  • The first word in binomial nomenclature is the genus, which groups similar organisms.
  • The second word in binomial nomenclature is the species, which is a specific organism type.
  • The groundhog's binomial name is Marmota monax, but has many common names.
  • Genus names relate to closely related organisms in binomial nomenclature.
  • The species name can refer to anything the discoverer wishes.
  • Classification organizes living things by similarities and differences.
  • Domains are the most general groups: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
  • Archaea and Bacteria have genetic material floating freely in their cells.
  • Eukarya have genetic material in a structure.
  • Classification levels: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species, going from general to specific.
  • Traditional classification uses physical traits of living and extinct organisms.
  • Modern classification analyzes physical traits and genetic material.
  • A cladogram shows evidence like traits; organisms after a node share that trait.
  • Archaea are single-celled, prokaryotic organisms, ancient, and similar to bacteria.
  • Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular, and found in many environments.
  • Eukarya encompasses organisms with cells containing a nucleus.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells are complex and contain a nucleus.
  • Unicellular organisms are single-celled.
  • The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
  • Eukarya is distinguished from Archaea and Bacteria because genetic material is inside a structure.
  • A cladogram shows evolutionary relationships like a tree.
  • Classification levels go from general to specific: Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
  • Modern classification uses both physical traits and genetic material.
  • In a cladogram, just before a node is a shared trait.
  • Traditional classification relies on physical traits.
  • Genetic material in Bacteria floats freely in the cell.
  • The main purpose of classification is organizing living things based on similarities and differences.
  • A node in a cladogram indicates a point where traits diverge.
  • Archaebacteria belong to the Archaea domain.
  • Archaebacteria are single-celled with cell walls and reproduce without a partner.
  • Archaebacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
  • Archaebacteria are prokaryotes without a nucleus, whose genetic material floats freely.
  • Archaebacteria are not bacteria that make you sick.
  • Archaebacteria live in extreme conditions like hot/cold temperatures, radioactivity, low oxygen, high pressure, and high salt levels.
  • Extremophiles live in extreme environments.
  • Most extremophiles are archaebacteria.
  • Halophiles love salt and live in salty places like the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake.
  • Methanogens make methane, live without oxygen, and aid in waste digestion.
  • Thermophiles love heat and live in hot water like undersea volcanoes, helping clean pollution and create biofuel.
  • Archaebacteria are single-celled without a nucleus.
  • Extremophiles survive in extreme environments.
  • Methanogens produce methane gas.
  • Halophiles can be found in the Dead Sea.
  • Thermophiles help create biofuel from waste.
  • Archaebacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
  • Methanogens help digest fiber in animal digestion.
  • Moderate temperatures with neutral pH is not suitable for archaebacteria.
  • Protista is a diverse group of organisms that don't fit into other kingdoms.
  • Protists are eukaryotes with a nucleus, living in water or moist places.
  • Most protists are single-celled and reproduce without a partner, and don't have a cell wall.
  • Protists are divided into plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like groups based on how they get food.
  • Plant-like protists (euglena, algae) make their own food and produce Earth's oxygen.
  • Animal-like protists (amoeba, paramecium) eat other organisms, and some cause illness.
  • Fungus-like protists (slime molds, water molds) decompose and absorb nutrients from other organisms.
  • Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with cell walls.
  • Single-celled fungi like yeast reproduce without a partner.
  • Multi-celled fungi like mushrooms reproduce with or without a partner.
  • Fungi use mycelium to absorb nutrients and are important in most ecosystems.
  • Fungi range from single-celled yeast to a fungus in Oregon covering 8 square kilometers.
  • Fungi recycle energy and nutrients, and some have partnerships with plants.
  • Fungi and algae form lichens, which start building ecosystems, or mycorrhiza, which help fertilize plants.
  • Some fungi are toxic, and yeast is also used to make food
  • Kingdom Protista is all organisms sharing a nucleus.
  • Fungus-like protists obtain nutrients by breaking down and absorbing nutrients from other organisms.
  • Protists don't fit into any other kingdom.
  • Fungi absorb nutrients through mycelium.
  • Euglena make their own food, and are similar to plants in that way.
  • Fungi can move to find food, which is unique compared to other kingdoms.
  • Amoeba eat by surrounding their food.
  • Fungi decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients in ecosystems.
  • Plant-like protists produce Earth's oxygen.
  • A lichen is a partnership between fungi and algae.
  • Plants use sunlight to make their own food, their genetic material is inside the nucleus of their cells, and all plants have cell walls.
  • Most reproduce with or without a partner and cannot move.
  • Plants occupy all land ecosystems and shallow water.
  • Plant diversity includes seedless/seeded, non-flowering/flowering species, mosses, ferns, grasses, and trees.
  • Plants are the base of land and water food webs.
  • Plants provide oxygen, food, shelter, fuel, and building materials, and filter water/air.
  • Plants can cause illnesses or be invasive.
  • Animals are multi-celled organisms that eat other organisms whose genetic material is inside the nucleus.
  • Animal cells do not have cell walls, and animals mostly reproduce with a partner.
  • Water animals include sponges, corals, clams, lobsters, salmon, sea turtles, and whales.
  • Land animals include ants, bees, worms, frogs, lizards, eagles, horses, and humans.
  • Animals are consumers that help to control populations in most food webs.
  • Animals produce carbon dioxide, and some shape the ecosystem.
  • An instance of organisms dropping seeds can lead to helping to plant new plants.
  • The organisms belonging to Kingdom Plantae make their own food using sunlight.
  • Animal cells do not have cell walls.
  • Plants contribute to ecosystem stability by preventing soil erosion.
  • Whales, Eagles, and Ants represent organisms in Kingdom Animalia.
  • Plants are the base/foundation of food webs.
  • Animals help maintain plant populations as they spread seeds.
  • Plants contain cell walls while also making food from sunlight.
  • Plants contain multiple cells but animals do not.
  • Animals influence other organisms by ensuring they maintain population through predation.
  • Plants can be non-flowering or flowering, there is a lot of diversity.

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