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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of taxation?
According to Adam Smith, what are the principles of good taxation?
What does the term 'tax avoidance' refer to?
What does 'residence of a natural person' refer to in the context of taxation?
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What is the aim of tax credits for small businesses/entrepreneurs?
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What is the concept of 'tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' often referred to as?
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What is the primary goal of profit shifting in the context of taxation?
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What is the purpose of transfer pricing in intercompany transactions?
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What does the concept of 'dominant practices' refer to in the context of taxation?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is often associated with:
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What is the main objective of using intercompany transactions?
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What is the primary goal of profit shifting in taxation?
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What is the main problem with the sharing economy in terms of taxes?
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Why does the profit from Airbnb in the Netherlands go to Ireland?
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What is one of the criticisms of the BEPS project (base erosion and profit shifting)?
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What is the main issue with the DSTs (digital service taxes) adopted by countries?
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Why do many countries struggle to collect taxes from sharing economy platforms?
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What is the main challenge at a governmental level in terms of taxes related to the sharing economy?
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Why are traditional international tax principles criticized?
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What is the primary problem with the sharing economy in terms of taxes?
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Why does the profit from Airbnb in the Netherlands go to Ireland?
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What is one of the criticisms of the BEPS project (base erosion and profit shifting)?
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What is the main issue with the digital service taxes (DSTs) adopted by countries?
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What is the primary goal of profit shifting in taxation?
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What does 'stateless income' refer to in the context of taxation?
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Why are traditional international tax principles criticized?
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What is one of the challenges at a governmental level in terms of taxes related to the sharing economy?
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According to the lecture, what is one of the problems with transfer pricing?
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What does 'capital import and export neutrality' (CIEN) refer to?
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What is one of the problems faced by developing and emerging economies according to the lecture?
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What is the primary objective of taxation?
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According to Adam Smith, which principle is considered as a characteristic of good taxation?
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What does the term 'residence of a natural person' refer to in the context of taxation?
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What is the purpose of tax credits for small businesses/entrepreneurs?
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What is one of the challenges at a governmental level in terms of taxes related to the sharing economy?
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What does 'dominant practices' refer to in the context of taxation?
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What is the concept of 'tax avoidance' often referred to as?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is often associated with:
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What is the primary goal of profit shifting in the context of taxation?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is criticized for:
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What is the primary objective of intercompany transactions?
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What does 'residence of a company' refer to in the context of taxation?
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What is recommended for the computation of CFC income?
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What does the report recommend regarding the offsetting of CFC losses?
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What is emphasized as one of the fundamental policy issues when designing effective CFC rules?
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What approach is recommended to limit base erosion involving interest deductions and other financial payments?
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What is required for large multinational enterprises (MNEs) under Action 13 of the BEPS Action Plan?
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What is the focus of the work on transfer pricing under the BEPS Action Plan?
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What is the primary objective of capital import neutrality in international tax rules?
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What is the main focus of tax equity in the context of cross-border transactions?
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What is the primary conflict resolution principle when conflicts arise in international tax objectives?
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What is the main aim of administrative efficiency in the context of taxation?
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Why is it important for a country to adhere to international compatibility in imposing taxes?
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What is the primary objective of national wealth maximization in the context of taxation?
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What is the primary objective of CFC (controlled foreign corporation) rules as mentioned in the text?
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What is the main focus of the BEPS 2.0 project?
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What is the purpose of hybrid mismatch arrangements as explained in the text?
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What role does transfer pricing play in the context of intercompany transactions?
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What is the overarching goal of the BEPS project regarding interest deductions?
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What is the primary function of transfer pricing policies in intercompany transactions?
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What is the purpose of controlled foreign companies in tax policy?
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In the context of taxation, what does 'profit shifting' primarily aim to achieve?
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What is the primary purpose of double tax treaties (DTA)?
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What characterizes a fixed place of business as a permanent establishment (PE) according to tax regulations?
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What is the primary goal of the BEPS project (base erosion and profit shifting) in the taxation context?
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What do offshore centers categorized as 'co-ordination centers' primarily host according to the text?
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What is the main focus of the BEPS 2.0 project?
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What is one of the criticisms of the current tax treaty network mentioned in the text?
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What is the fundamental problem that the BEPS project has been facing since its publication?
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What is one of the potential solutions mentioned for addressing the challenges of the emerging digital economy?
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Why is the US mentioned as a potential limitation to the BEPS project?
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What becomes evident according to the text regarding the impact of seeking consensus among industrialized and developing economies?
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What is the primary purpose of the proposed digital levy according to the text?
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What is the purpose of the subject-to-tax rule in the context of the new international tax framework?
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What is the main concern raised about the EU digital levy proposal in the text?
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What is the primary focus of Pillar Two in international taxation as per the text?
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What is one of the technical problems with the digital levy proposal mentioned in the text?
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What does amount A represent in the new international tax framework according to the text?
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What is the key advantage of introducing a digital levy as mentioned in the text?
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What is the aim of pillar two in international taxation as per the text?
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What is one of the main criticisms raised about introducing a digital levy according to the text?
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What is one of the proposed solutions mentioned for addressing challenges with digital levies in the text?
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What is the primary objective of capital import neutrality in international tax rules?
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What does 'capital import and export neutrality' (CIEN) refer to?
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What is the main aim of administrative efficiency in the context of taxation?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is often associated with:
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What is the primary focus of the CFC rules as recommended in the report?
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What is one of the recommended approaches for limiting base erosion involving interest deductions and other financial payments, as explained in the report?
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What does Action 5 aim to achieve, as part of countering harmful tax practices more effectively?
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What is the primary goal of the arm’s length principle in the context of transfer pricing outcomes?
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What does Action 13 of the BEPS Action Plan require large MNEs to provide annually?
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What is the purpose of the master file required under the three-tiered approach to transfer pricing documentation?
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What is the recommended approach to prevent and eliminate double taxation as per the report?
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What is Action 4's recommended approach for limiting base erosion involving interest deductions and other financial payments?
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What is one of the key areas focused on under the work of transfer pricing under the BEPS Action Plan?
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What is one of the fundamental policy issues to consider when designing effective CFC rules?
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What is the main function of transfer pricing policies in intercompany transactions as highlighted in the report?
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What is the primary objective of CFC (controlled foreign corporation) rules as mentioned in the text?
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What does 'stateless income' refer to in the context of taxation?
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What is the primary focus of the work on transfer pricing under the BEPS Action Plan?
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What becomes evident according to the text regarding the impact of seeking consensus among industrialized and developing economies?
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What is the main issue with the digital service taxes (DSTs) adopted by countries?
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What does amount A represent in the new international tax framework according to the text?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is often associated with:
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What is recommended for the computation of CFC income?
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What is one of the technical problems with the digital levy proposal mentioned in the text?
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What is emphasized as one of the fundamental policy issues when designing effective CFC rules?
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What is the purpose of hybrid mismatch arrangements as explained in the text?
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What is the purpose of the Capital export neutrality in the tax regime?
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What is the primary goal of the exemption with progression method for relief from juridical double taxation?
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What is the main focus of double tax treaties (DTA)?
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What are the factors determining residence for individuals in terms of taxation?
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What is the key strategy used by MNCs to exploit gaps in the taxing mechanism according to the text?
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What does 'Profit shifting' aim to achieve primarily in the context of taxation?
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What is the concept of 'tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' often referred to as?
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What role does transfer pricing play in the context of intercompany transactions?
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What approach is recommended to limit base erosion involving interest deductions and other financial payments?
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'Offshore centers' can be distributed into two categories, which of the following is one of those categories according to the text?
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What is the primary goal of profit shifting in taxation?
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What does Financialization primarily refer to according to Greta Knipper?
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What is the primary focus of Pillar two in international taxation as per the text?
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What is the main criticism raised about the EU digital levy proposal in the text?
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What is one of the technical problems with the digital levy proposal mentioned in the text?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is criticized for:
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What is the primary goal of the BEPS project (base erosion and profit shifting) in the taxation context?
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What is one of the challenges at a governmental level in terms of taxes related to the sharing economy?
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'Capital import and export neutrality' (CIEN) refers to:
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What role does transfer pricing play in the context of intercompany transactions?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is often associated with:
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'Profit shifting' primarily aims to achieve:
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What is one of the criticisms of the BEPS project (base erosion and profit shifting)?
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What is a fundamental problem faced by the BEPS project since its publication?
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What issue does the emergence of the digital economy raise in terms of tax treaties?
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What is one of the criticisms mentioned about the current tax treaty network?
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What is one of the potential solutions mentioned for addressing challenges with the emerging digital economy?
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What is the primary reason for the reluctance of some conservative OECD members towards changes in the tax framework?
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What does the BEPS 2.0 consensus advocate for in order to restore fairness in international tax policies?
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Why are some experts blaming the US for being reluctant to major changes in the tax framework?
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What is a potential limitation of the BEPS project mentioned in the text?
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Why is there a need to change the current treaty network, as mentioned in the text?
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Why do some conservative OECD members resist significant change in the tax framework?
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What is one of the criticisms raised about introducing a digital levy, according to the text?
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What does tax equity aim to achieve in the context of cross-border transactions?
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What is the primary focus of Pillar Two in international taxation as per the text?
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What is the aim of tax credits for small businesses/entrepreneurs?
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What is one of the problems faced by developing and emerging economies according to the lecture?
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What is the primary purpose of double tax treaties (DTA)?
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What does 'transfer mispricing' primarily involve according to the text?
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What is the main goal of 'capital export neutrality' (CIEN) as mentioned in the text?
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What are the factors determining residence for individuals in terms of taxation?
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What is the primary focus of the BEPS 2.0 project?
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What is the main function of transfer pricing policies in intercompany transactions as highlighted in the report?
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'Offshore centers' can be distributed into two categories, which of the following is one of those categories according to the text?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is often associated with:
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What is required for large multinational enterprises (MNEs) under Action 13 of the BEPS Action Plan?
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Why do many countries struggle to collect taxes from sharing economy platforms?
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What is emphasized as one of the fundamental policy issues when designing effective CFC rules?
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What is one of the recommended approaches for preventing and eliminating double taxation?
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What is recommended for the computation of CFC income?
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What approach is recommended to limit base erosion involving interest deductions and other financial payments?
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What is the primary focus of the CFC rules as recommended in the report?
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What is the primary goal of the arm’s length principle in the context of transfer pricing outcomes?
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What is one of the criticisms raised about introducing a digital levy according to the text?
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What is one of the potential limitations of the BEPS project mentioned in the text?
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'Offshore centers' can be distributed into two categories, which of the following is one of those categories according to the text?
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'Profit shifting' aims to achieve primarily what in the context of taxation?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is often associated with:
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'Dominant practices' refer to what in the context of taxation?
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What is required for large multinational enterprises (MNEs) under Action 13 of the BEPS Action Plan?
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What was the primary criticism of the 'old system' that led to the need for a proper tax framework?
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What is one of the fundamental problems with the value creation principle as mentioned in the text?
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What is one potential solution mentioned for addressing the challenges of the emerging digital economy?
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What is one of the limitations mentioned regarding the BEPS project?
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Why are some experts blaming the US for being reluctant to major changes in the tax framework?
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What is one of the outcomes resulting from the transition from bilateral tax treaties to multilateral treaty networks as mentioned in the text?
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What is the primary focus of Pillar 1 in BEPS 2.0?
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What is one primary criticism raised about introducing a digital levy according to the text?
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What is one of the proposed solutions mentioned for addressing challenges with digital levies in the text?
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What becomes evident according to the text regarding the impact of seeking consensus among industrialized and developing economies?
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What is one of the challenges at a governmental level in terms of taxes related to the sharing economy?
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What is the primary focus of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project?
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What is the main objective of CFC (controlled foreign corporation) rules as recommended in the report?
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What is the primary focus of Action 1 within the BEPS project?
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What is the purpose of hybrid mismatch arrangements as explained in the text?
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What is the main aim of transfer pricing policies as part of intercompany transactions under the BEPS project?
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What characterizes a fixed place of business as a permanent establishment (PE) according to tax regulations?
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What does the report recommend regarding the definition of a Controlled Foreign Company (CFC)?
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What does 'Profit shifting' primarily aim to achieve in the context of taxation?
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What is one of the criticisms mentioned about the current tax treaty network?
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What is recommended for computing CFC income according to the BEPS report?
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What does amount A represent in the new international tax framework?
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What is the primary purpose of the proposed digital levy according to the text?
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What is the subject-to-tax rule mentioned in the text?
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What is one of the technical problems with the digital levy proposal mentioned in the text?
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What does pillar two focus on as per the text?
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What is the main objective of introducing a digital levy according to the text?
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What is the purpose of the income inclusion rule mentioned in the text?
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What does amount C represent according to the text?
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What is emphasized as one of the fundamental policy issues when designing effective CFC rules?
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What does the under-taxed payment rule aim to achieve as mentioned in the text?
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What is the main criticism raised about the EU digital levy proposal?
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What does pillar two aim to achieve as mentioned in the text?
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What is the difference between capital import neutrality and capital export neutrality?
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What does the term 'source jurisdiction of taxation' refer to?
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What is one of the main criticisms raised about the BEPS project (base erosion and profit shifting)?
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What is the policy reason behind residence countries preferring to offer ordinary tax credit relief rather than full tax credit relief?
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What is the primary focus of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project?
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What does 'capital export neutrality' aim to achieve?
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What is one of the criticisms mentioned about the current tax treaty network?
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What does the term 'taxable subject' refer to?
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What is the primary difference between 'residence jurisdiction of taxation' and 'source jurisdiction of taxation'?
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What does 'stateless income' refer to in the context of taxation?
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What does 'Profit shifting' aim to achieve primarily in the context of taxation?
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What are the advantages of an EU levy on digital services according to the text?
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What was the mean reason for the European Commission to justify its digital tax package of 2018?
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'Tax minimization through creative compliance with tax law' is often associated with:
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What are the difficulties of a Digital Levy Proposal?
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What is the Two-Pillar solution according to the text?
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What are the three dilemmas from the European Commission in case the EU levy on digital services will be implemented?
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What are the two alternatives mentioned according to the text?
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What is the primary goal of DTAs?
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Why is transfer pricing more difficult in case of intangible assets?
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What is the unitary approach as described by the author?
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What has been the reason/background for the OECD to initiate the BEPS project?
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What is transfer mispricing within profit shifting by MNCs?
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What is an 'inversion' and why may it result in a tax benefit?
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What are hybrid mismatches within profit shifting by MNCs?
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What is the role of CFC rules?
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What is Country by country reporting?
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What was the view of the EC in the Apple State Aid case?
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What is the essence of the concept of PE?
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Study Notes
- Taxation: compulsory financial charge imposed by a government to fund public expenditures
- Policy purposes of taxation: influence behavior, distribute income, increase total welfare
- Principles of good taxation (Adam Smith): fairness, certainty, convenience, efficiency
- Corporate income tax: taxable subject are companies; tax object is profits; tax rate in NL is 25.8%
- Residence of a natural person: determined by nationality, citizenship, 183 days in a year, place of economic and social interest
- Residence of a company: place of incorporation, place of effective management
- Tax avoidance: methods include avoiding alcohol consumption and excise duty, working as self-employed, tax credits for small businesses, deductibility of mortgage interest payments, and profit shifting through intercompany transactions
- Profit shifting: exploits mismatches between tax systems to increase profits booked in low tax jurisdictions and reduce tax payments in high-tax jurisdictions
- Transfer pricing: apply at arm's length principle to determine fair market value of transactions between related entities
- International tax framework: includes traditional principles like benefit principle and single tax principle, but faces challenges with profit shifting, tax treaties, and the digital economy
- Methods of profit shifting: transfer pricing, hybrid financing instruments
- Drivers for tax avoidance: lack of an international tax system, lack of international coordination, difficulties with transfer pricing
- Criticism of the BEPS project: lack of incentives for authorities in low tax jurisdictions, inadequate exchange of information, penalties not in line with the upside of tax avoidance
- Sharing economy: transactions include cash, barter, cost-sharing agreements, and donations
- Difficulties with the sharing economy: unclear border between personal and hobby, taxes collected elsewhere, uncertainty for platforms
- Business model of tech companies: customers access a resource from outside the country, making it inexistent in the tax system view
- Digital service tax (DST) wouldn't do real changes as it can't tackle the main problem: why do we still need a PE in the 21st century
- Lack of coordination inside the international structures: US rejects proposals affecting US-based companies, individual DSTs are harmful to the environment.
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Description
Explore the principles of good taxation, corporate income tax, residence determination for individuals and companies, tax avoidance methods, profit shifting, transfer pricing, international tax framework, challenges with the sharing economy, and the business model of tech companies. Dive into the complexities of digital service tax (DST) and the lack of international coordination inside the structures.