60 Questions
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from histidine?
Histamine
Which type of receptors are D1 and D5 receptors?
Excitatory
What is the main function of dopamine?
Reward
Which type of receptor triggers a second messenger system through G-proteins?
Metabotropic receptor
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger?
Na+
What is the net effect of EPSPs and IPSPs on the firing of a neuron?
Excitation
Which one of these is the correct function of glial cells in the brain?
Glia cells provide physical support and nutrients to neurons.
What is the role of ionotropic receptors in neuronal communication?
Ionotropic receptors bind to neurotransmitters and open ion channels.
What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Ionotropic receptors require the binding of a ligand to open ion channels, while metabotropic receptors do not.
Which neurotransmitter is both ligand-gated and G-coupled?
Glutamate
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system?
GABA
Which neurotransmitter has 5 receptor subtypes, some of which are excitatory and some inhibitory?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following families of voltage-dependent channels allow the flow of Ca2+ into the neuron and have a role in neurotransmitter release?
Cav1, Cav2, Cav3
Which of the following ligand-gated channels is activated by ATP and allows the flow of Na+ and Ca2+ into the neuron?
P2X1-P2X7
Which of the following ligand-gated channels is activated by serotonin and allows the flow of Na+ and Ca2+ into the neuron?
5-HT3
Which neurotransmitter is also a hormone secreted by adrenal glands?
Noradrenaline
Which neurotransmitter has inhibitory effects on both postsynaptic neurons and autoreceptors?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is mainly produced by neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) in the posterior hypothalamus?
Histamine
Which step in the drug development process involves screening compounds to identify the most promising hits?
Step 4: Identifying early chemical matter
What is the purpose of the 'Hit to Lead' (HTL) stage in drug development?
To improve the potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetics of the best compound
Which phase of clinical testing involves testing the compound in a relatively small number of patients with the disease of interest?
Phase 2
Which stage of drug development is known as the 'lead optimization' stage?
2-4 years
How many drugs out of 10 make it all the way through the clinic?
1
What is the estimated cost of drug development, depending on the disease and number of failures?
$3 billion
What are the key components involved in the development of new drugs?
Biology and chemistry
Which chapter(s) should be read for next week?
Chapter 4
What is the title of the Journal Club paper by Pereira et al. that should be read?
TRPA1 participation in behavioral impairment induced by chronic corticosterone administration
What is the title of the Journal Club paper by Bagher et al. that should be read?
Cannabinoid receptor 1 positive allosteric modulator (GAT229) attenuates cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain in mice
When is the seminar scheduled for?
Sept 7
What is the purpose of the 'Final thoughts' section?
To provide additional information
What are the two main types of receptors involved in neurotransmitter signaling?
Ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors
What are the two ways that neurotransmitter communication is stopped?
Reuptake and deactivation
What are the two possible outcomes of ion flow through ion channels on post-synaptic neurons?
Excitation or inhibition
What are the two families of high/moderate voltage activated Cav channels?
Cav1, Cav2, Cav3
How many subtypes of human Kv channels are there?
38
What is the role of ligand-gated P2X receptors?
Allow in-flow of Na+ and Ca2+ (depolarization), also allows flow of K+
Which neurotransmitter degrades dopamine in both the postsynaptic neuron and astrocytes?
catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Which neurotransmitter is mainly produced by neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) in the posterior hypothalamus?
histamine
Which neurotransmitter has inhibitory effects on both postsynaptic neurons and autoreceptors?
serotonin
What is the function of glial cells in the brain?
Glia cells in the brain have several functions including supplying nutrients, providing physical support and barrier, removing debris, and participating in functional interaction and neurotransmitter reuptake.
What are the two types of receptors that neurotransmitters can bind to?
Neurotransmitters can bind to ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors.
What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Ionotropic receptors have a binding site and ion channel combined, while metabotropic receptors trigger a second messenger system through G-proteins.
What are the three main pathways of dopamine?
The three main pathways of dopamine are the nigrostriatal pathway, the mesolimbic pathway, and the mesocortical pathway.
What are the main functions of dopamine?
The main functions of dopamine include motor function, reward, cognition, and learning.
What are the five most prevalent neurotransmitters?
The five most prevalent neurotransmitters are dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and acetylcholine.
Which Drug Development Stage tries to improve on 'best compound' for a specific disease by trying to fix things like potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetics?
Lead Optimization
What is the purpose of the 'Hit to Lead' (HTL) stage in drug development?
To improve on screen 'hits' by improving potency, selectivity, and physiochemical properties
Which step in the drug development process involves screening compounds to identify the most promising hits?
Identifying early chemical matter: A 'Hit'
What are the major classes of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system?
Monoamines, GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine, various peptides, and lipids.
What is the role of peptides as neurotransmitters?
Peptides can act as neuromodulators and neurotransmitters, and can act both through the synaptic cleft and diffusion to other neurons or cells.
What are some examples of lipids released as neurotransmitters?
Examples of lipids released as neurotransmitters include endocannabinoids like anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG).
What are the key components involved in the development of new drugs?
The key components involved in the development of new drugs include the most basic understanding of biology for the disease and target, chemical science, and pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of the drug's efficacy and safety.
What is the estimated cost of drug development, depending on the disease and number of failures?
The estimated cost of drug development ranges from $700 million to $3 billion, depending on the disease and number of failures.
When is the seminar scheduled for?
The seminar is scheduled for September 7th.
What is the purpose of the 'Hit to Lead' (HTL) stage in drug development?
The purpose of the 'Hit to Lead' (HTL) stage in drug development is to screen compounds and identify the most promising hits.
Which stage of drug development is known as the 'lead optimization' stage?
The 'lead optimization' stage is a stage in drug development.
Which phase of clinical testing involves testing the compound in a relatively small number of patients with the disease of interest?
Phase 2 clinical testing involves testing the compound in a relatively small number of patients with the disease of interest.
What is the purpose of the 'Final thoughts' section?
The purpose of the 'Final thoughts' section is not specified in the given text.
Which chapter(s) should be read for next week?
The chapters that should be read for next week are chapters 4 (LO 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.6-4.9) on Pharmacodynamics and Types of Drug Modulation (agonist, antagonist interactions).
What is the title of the Journal Club paper by Pereira et al. that should be read?
The title of the Journal Club paper by Pereira et al. that should be read is 'TRPA1 participation in behavioral impairment induced by chronic corticosterone administration'.
"Target Validation in Disease: Test Your Knowledge on Linking Targets to Diseases" - Test your understanding of target validation in disease research. Explore concepts such as in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, as well as the importance of confirming target expression in relevant diseased sites.
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