T2 L7: Parkinson’s disease and drug therapy of basal ganglia disorders (JG)
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Questions and Answers

Which movement disorder is characterized by high amplitude flailing of the limbs on one side of the body?

  • Tics
  • Hyperkinesis
  • Ballismus (correct)
  • Chorea

What is the pathophysiology of hemiballismus?

  • Direct pathway
  • Excitatory cortex pathway
  • Inhibitory striatum pathway
  • Indirect pathway (correct)

What is the most common cause of hemiballismus?

  • Chorea
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Stroke (correct)
  • Tourette's syndrome

Which movement disorder is characterized by brief repetitive stereotyped movements with a premonitory urge?

<p>Tics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tic disorder is characterized by motor disorder and rare coprolalia (swearing)?

<p>Plus tic disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can reduce tic disorders?

<p>Distraction and concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement disorder is characterized by disturbance of coordination?

<p>Ataxia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Slowness of movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurodegenerative condition that affects dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra?

<p>Parkinson's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment option for Tardive dyskinesia?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Lewy bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is reduced in the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Prevent breakdown of dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease?

<p>L-dopa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common co-morbid condition associated with Tourette syndrome?

<p>Depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Tourette syndrome?

<p>Basal ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?

<p>Autosomal dominant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main neurotransmitter imbalance thought to contribute to the development of dystonia?

<p>GABA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movement disorders is characterized by involuntary, rhythmic, sinusoidal alternating movements?

<p>Tremor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed theory for the pathophysiology of essential tremor?

<p>Increased activity in the cerebellothalamocortical circuit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs are commonly used to treat hyperkinetic movement disorders like tics, chorea, and ballismus?

<p>Antipsychotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pros of using COMT inhibitors with L-dopa?

<p>Increases duration of action of L-dopa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cons of using COMT inhibitors with L-dopa?

<p>Makes dyskinesia worse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical effect of Entacapone, a COMT inhibitor?

<p>Extends effect of L-dopa by 30 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical effect of Duodopa, a duodenal L-dopa infusion, for advanced Parkinson's disease?

<p>Improves motor fluctuations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of dopamine agonists over L-dopa?

<p>They bypass degenerating nigrostriatal neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of Apomorphine, a dopamine agonist given by subcutaneous infusion?

<p>Skin nodules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the favored target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Subthalamic nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of deep brain stimulation on disease progression in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Has no effect on disease progression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the future potential treatments for Parkinson's disease mentioned in the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement disorder is characterized by a tri nucleotide repeat on chromosome four?

<p>Huntington's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of inheritance for Huntington's disease?

<p>Autosomal dominant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement disorder is characterized by abnormal twisting postures, often axial?

<p>Dystonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement disorder is characterized by involuntary, rhythmic, sinusoidal alternating movements?

<p>Hemiballismus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for hyperkinetic movement disorders?

<p>Blocking dopamine receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind tardive dyskinesia?

<p>Upregulation of dopamine receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-motor symptom is commonly associated with Parkinson's disease?

<p>Sleep disturbance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key symptom required for a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Bradykinesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement disorder is characterized by high amplitude flailing of the limbs on one side of the body?

<p>Ballismus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dopamine in treating Parkinson's disease?

<p>To restore dopamine balance in the basal ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main neurotransmitter imbalance thought to contribute to the development of dystonia?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed theory for the pathophysiology of essential tremor?

<p>Dopamine imbalance in the basal ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement disorder is the focus of this lecture?

<p>Parkinson's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the basal ganglia in movement disorders?

<p>Both facilitating and inhibiting movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Substantia nigra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the other two lectures in this series about?

<p>Anatomy of the cerebellum and biological motor control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of abnormal postures in dystonia?

<p>Abnormal activity in the motor cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Basal ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of essential tremor?

<p>GABA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common movement disorder encountered in the gerontology clinic?

<p>Essential tremor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement disorder is characterized by jerky, irregular contractions that appear fidgety and faceless?

<p>Tardive dyskinesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature among all movement disorders that involve the basal ganglia?

<p>Cortical input going through the striatum, pallidum, thalamus, and back to the cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter imbalance thought to contribute to the development of dystonia?

<p>GABA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of dopamine agonists over L-dopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Lower risk of dyskinesias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of Parkinsonism?

<p>Lewy bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter imbalance in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of misfolded proteins on cellular processes?

<p>Disrupt normal cellular processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Lewy bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe Parkinson-like symptoms that are not idiopathic Parkinson's disease?

<p>Parkinsonism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of Parkinsonism?

<p>Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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