60 Questions
Which movement disorder is characterized by high amplitude flailing of the limbs on one side of the body?
Ballismus
What is the pathophysiology of hemiballismus?
Indirect pathway
What is the most common cause of hemiballismus?
Stroke
Which movement disorder is characterized by brief repetitive stereotyped movements with a premonitory urge?
Tics
Which type of tic disorder is characterized by motor disorder and rare coprolalia (swearing)?
Plus tic disorder
What can reduce tic disorders?
Distraction and concentration
Which movement disorder is characterized by disturbance of coordination?
Ataxia
Which of the following is a symptom of Parkinson's disease?
Slowness of movement
What is the primary neurodegenerative condition that affects dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra?
Parkinson's disease
Which of the following is a treatment option for Tardive dyskinesia?
All of the above
What is the main histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease?
Lewy bodies
Which neurotransmitter is reduced in the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine
What is the primary role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
Prevent breakdown of dopamine
What is the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease?
L-dopa
Which of the following is NOT a common co-morbid condition associated with Tourette syndrome?
Depression
Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Tourette syndrome?
Basal ganglia
What is the genetic inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?
Autosomal dominant
What is the main neurotransmitter imbalance thought to contribute to the development of dystonia?
GABA
Which of the following movement disorders is characterized by involuntary, rhythmic, sinusoidal alternating movements?
Tremor
What is the proposed theory for the pathophysiology of essential tremor?
Increased activity in the cerebellothalamocortical circuit
What type of drugs are commonly used to treat hyperkinetic movement disorders like tics, chorea, and ballismus?
Antipsychotics
Which of the following is a pros of using COMT inhibitors with L-dopa?
Increases duration of action of L-dopa
Which of the following is a cons of using COMT inhibitors with L-dopa?
Makes dyskinesia worse
Which of the following is a clinical effect of Entacapone, a COMT inhibitor?
Extends effect of L-dopa by 30 minutes
What is the clinical effect of Duodopa, a duodenal L-dopa infusion, for advanced Parkinson's disease?
Improves motor fluctuations
What is the main advantage of dopamine agonists over L-dopa?
They bypass degenerating nigrostriatal neurons
What is a potential side effect of Apomorphine, a dopamine agonist given by subcutaneous infusion?
Skin nodules
What is the favored target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease?
Subthalamic nucleus
What is the effect of deep brain stimulation on disease progression in Parkinson's disease?
Has no effect on disease progression
What are the future potential treatments for Parkinson's disease mentioned in the text?
All of the above
Which movement disorder is characterized by a tri nucleotide repeat on chromosome four?
Huntington's disease
What is the mode of inheritance for Huntington's disease?
Autosomal dominant
Which movement disorder is characterized by abnormal twisting postures, often axial?
Dystonia
Which movement disorder is characterized by involuntary, rhythmic, sinusoidal alternating movements?
Hemiballismus
What is the primary treatment for hyperkinetic movement disorders?
Blocking dopamine receptors
What is the mechanism behind tardive dyskinesia?
Upregulation of dopamine receptors
Which non-motor symptom is commonly associated with Parkinson's disease?
Sleep disturbance
What is the key symptom required for a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease?
Bradykinesia
Which movement disorder is characterized by high amplitude flailing of the limbs on one side of the body?
Ballismus
What is the primary role of dopamine in treating Parkinson's disease?
To restore dopamine balance in the basal ganglia
What is the main neurotransmitter imbalance thought to contribute to the development of dystonia?
Dopamine
What is the proposed theory for the pathophysiology of essential tremor?
Dopamine imbalance in the basal ganglia
Which movement disorder is the focus of this lecture?
Parkinson's disease
What is the role of the basal ganglia in movement disorders?
Both facilitating and inhibiting movements
Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?
Substantia nigra
What are the other two lectures in this series about?
Anatomy of the cerebellum and biological motor control
What is the main cause of abnormal postures in dystonia?
Abnormal activity in the motor cortex
Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?
Basal ganglia
Which neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of essential tremor?
GABA
What is the most common movement disorder encountered in the gerontology clinic?
Essential tremor
Which movement disorder is characterized by jerky, irregular contractions that appear fidgety and faceless?
Tardive dyskinesia
What is the common feature among all movement disorders that involve the basal ganglia?
Cortical input going through the striatum, pallidum, thalamus, and back to the cortex
What is the primary neurotransmitter imbalance thought to contribute to the development of dystonia?
GABA
What is the main advantage of dopamine agonists over L-dopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
Lower risk of dyskinesias
Which of the following is a common cause of Parkinsonism?
Lewy bodies
What is the primary neurotransmitter imbalance in Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine
What is the effect of misfolded proteins on cellular processes?
Disrupt normal cellular processes
What is the main histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease?
Lewy bodies
What is the term used to describe Parkinson-like symptoms that are not idiopathic Parkinson's disease?
Parkinsonism
What is the most common cause of Parkinsonism?
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Test your knowledge on Tardive Dyskinesia and its associated symptoms, mechanisms, and treatment options. Learn about the role of dopamine supersensitivity in basal ganglia and the effects of withdrawal of offending agents. Explore the use of atypical anti-psychotics and dopamine depleting agents in managing this condition.
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