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Questions and Answers
What are the two main types of T-cell mediated immune responses?
What are the functionally distinct subsets of CD4+ T-cells that produce different cytokines and eliminate different types of pathogens?
Which type of T-cell recognizes both intra and extracellular microbes?
What are the stages of antigen recognition by T-cells?
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What are the two types of responses produced by functionally distinct subsets of CD4+ T-cells?
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What are the regions that are required for structural integrity and for effector functions in antigen receptor molecules?
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What do B-lymphocytes recognize in addition to shapes and conformations of native macromolecules?
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Where is the sequence variability concentrated within antigen receptor molecules?
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What do T-lymphocytes recognize when displayed on APCs bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules?
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What are the general features that are important for functions of antigen receptors in adaptive immunity?
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Study Notes
T-Cell Mediated Immune Responses
- Two main types are T-helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+).
- CD4+ T-cells help orchestrate immune responses, while CD8+ T-cells directly kill infected cells.
Subsets of CD4+ T-Cells
- Th1 cells: Produce cytokines to combat intracellular pathogens like viruses.
- Th2 cells: Focus on extracellular pathogens, promoting antibody production.
- Th17 cells: Involved in autoimmunity and defense against fungal infections.
- Treg cells: Regulate immune responses to maintain tolerance.
T-Cell Recognition
- T-cells recognize both intra and extracellular microbes via T-cell receptors (TCRs).
Stages of Antigen Recognition by T-Cells
- Antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- Recognition of antigen-MHC complex by TCRs.
- Co-stimulation occurs for full T-cell activation.
- Proliferation and differentiation into effector T-cells.
Responses from CD4+ T-Cell Subsets
- Th1 responses lead to cellular immunity.
- Th2 responses result in humoral immunity through B-cell activation.
Antigen Receptor Molecules
- Key regions for structural integrity include the variable and constant regions.
- Effector functions require the cytoplasmic tail and signaling domains of the receptor.
B-Lymphocyte Recognition
- B-lymphocytes recognize not just shapes of macromolecules, but also epitopes presented by proteins and peptides.
Sequence Variability in Antigen Receptors
- Concentrated in the hypervariable regions of the TCR and BCR, which determine specificity for different antigens.
T-Lymphocytes Recognition
- Recognize processed peptides displayed on APCs with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
Features of Antigen Receptors in Adaptive Immunity
- High specificity and diversity to recognize a vast array of antigens.
- Ability to generate long-lasting memory for faster responses upon re-exposure.
- Engagement of multiple signals for effective activation and response.
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Description
Test your knowledge of T cell-mediated immune responses with this quiz. Explore the types of T-cell mediated responses, the development and function of CD4+ effector T-lymphocytes, and the differentiation and function of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Dive into the resistance of pathogenic microbes to cell-mediated immunity and enhance your understanding of this critical aspect of the immune system.
