Anatomy Review #1
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes structures closer to the center of the body?

  • Lateral
  • Distal
  • Superficial
  • Central (correct)

    • In which anatomical plane does movement occur when raising arms sideways?

  • Oblique plane
  • Frontal plane (correct)
  • Saggital plane
  • Transverse plane

    • Which term distinguishes between structures located toward the front and those toward the back of the body?

  • Bilateral vs. Unilateral
  • Cranial vs. Caudal
  • Dorsal vs. Ventral
  • Anterior vs. Posterior (correct)

    • What is the relationship between the muscular system and the skeletal system?

    <p>Muscles contract to move bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which axis corresponds to movements in the transverse plane?

    <p>Longitudinal axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

    <p>Reducing friction at joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of terms indicates a relationship of equal positions on opposite sides of the body?

    <p>Bilateral vs. Unilateral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical term applies to a structure further from the point of attachment?

    <p>Distal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about muscle contractions?

    <p>Muscles only cross the joints they cause motion at. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle shortens while generating force?

    <p>Concentric contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these types of muscle contractions does not involve a change in muscle length?

    <p>Isometric contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the characteristic behavior of muscles during contraction?

    <p>Muscles can only pull. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which type of contraction does a muscle lengthen while maintaining tension?

    <p>Eccentric contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction?

    <p>They glide past each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT one of the types of muscular contraction?

    <p>Static contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of an eccentric contraction?

    <p>It occurs while the muscle is lengthening. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle contraction is specifically called isotonic contraction?

    <p>Both concentric and eccentric contractions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the skeletal muscle is incorrect?

    <p>Skeletal muscles are involuntary in nature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone health?

    <p>To rebuild and strengthen bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture involves bone fragments that pierce the skin?

    <p>Compound fracture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture is classified as a simple fracture with only partial bending?

    <p>Greenstick fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can decreased bone collagen production lead to?

    <p>Increased risk of osteoporosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is the patella classified as?

    <p>Sesamoid bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle tissue is characterized by a banded or striped pattern?

    <p>Skeletal muscle (A), Striated muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a motor unit composed of?

    <p>One motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of muscle tissue allows it to return to its original shape after stretching?

    <p>Elasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of muscle tissue would you find the greatest elasticity?

    <p>Smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of muscle structural organization from smallest to largest?

    <p>Myofibril &lt; Endomysium &lt; Fascicle &lt; Epimysium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a property of muscle tissue?

    <p>Cohesiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes striated muscle from other types of muscle?

    <p>An organized arrangement of actin and myosin filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about smooth muscles is true?

    <p>They possess high elasticity compared to other muscle types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myosin in muscle tissue?

    <p>To form the primary contractile units within muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle property refers to the ability to respond to stimuli?

    <p>Electrical excitability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of agonist muscles during contraction?

    <p>To initiate movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a grade 1 muscle strain and a grade 2 muscle strain?

    <p>Grade 1 is a slight tear, while grade 2 is an incomplete tear. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes muscles that assist agonist muscles in performing a movement?

    <p>Synergists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antagonist muscles serve during a muscular contraction?

    <p>They relax to allow movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is primarily responsible for providing cushioning in joints?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Both lead to joint inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a complete muscle tear?

    <p>Grade 3 strain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue is primarily responsible for insulating the body and storing energy?

    <p>Adipose tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is essential for the structure of intervertebral discs?

    <p>Fibrocartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a treatment method for muscle strains?

    <p>Surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for movement in several directions and is characterized as a multi-axial joint?

    <p>Ball and socket joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the primary function of osteoclasts in bone development?

    <p>Crushing or resorbing bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which grade of ligament sprain is characterized by a complete tear?

    <p>Grade 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During high bone growth, what is typically true regarding the activity of osteoblasts?

    <p>They outnumber osteoclasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does decreased collagen production have on bone health?

    <p>Increases bone brittleness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture is characterized by bone fragments piercing the skin?

    <p>Compound fracture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the relationship between exercise and bone density described?

    <p>Exercise promotes bone density through mechanical stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is the femur classified as?

    <p>Long bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing factor between a strain and a sprain?

    <p>Strains involve muscle tissue, sprains involve ligaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of osteoclasts in bone health?

    <p>Breaking down bone tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

    <p>To provide cushioning and support between bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture involves twisting forces and typically occurs in sports injuries?

    <p>Spiral fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bone density as a result of aging?

    <p>Osteoclast activity increases leading to loss of bone density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased activity of osteoblasts?

    <p>Increased collagen production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of bones is characterized by their uniform thickness and structural strength?

    <p>Flat bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a depressed fracture?

    <p>A portion of the bone is pushed inward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a muscle's inability to push during contraction?

    <p>Muscles can only cause motion at joints they cross. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscular contraction is characterized by muscle lengthening while maintaining tension?

    <p>Eccentric contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which type of contraction does the muscle not change in length and continues to exert force?

    <p>Isometric contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of a concentric contraction?

    <p>The muscle shortens while generating force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of contraction is often described as isotonic contraction?

    <p>Concentric contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of muscle function, what does the term phasic contraction refer to?

    <p>A contraction that may shorten or lengthen the muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a significant limitation of muscular contractions?

    <p>They cannot produce motion without the skeletal system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do actin and myosin filaments behave during muscle contraction?

    <p>They slide past each other to shorten the muscle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the composition of the neurocranium?

    <p>Holds 8 bones including the sphenoid and occipital bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of spinal curvature is characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine?

    <p>Kyphosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lumbar vertebrae are present in the human spine?

    <p>5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is formed by the condylar process of the mandible articulating with the temporal bone?

    <p>Temporomandibular joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the viscerocranium?

    <p>Glenoid fossa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which curvature of the spine is associated with the cervical region?

    <p>Cervical lordosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural difference between the neurocranium and the viscerocranium?

    <p>Neurocranium encases the brain, while viscerocranium forms the facial skeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition describes a lateral bending of the spine?

    <p>Scoliosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the components of a motor unit?

    <p>A motor unit includes one motor neuron and all muscle fibres it innervates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect muscle mass?

    <p>Muscle mass is replaced by adipose tissue and fibrous connective tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements occurs in the frontal plane?

    <p>Adduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial bone exists as a single unit rather than a pair?

    <p>Vomer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not classified as a component of the muscular system?

    <p>Heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

    <p>Lay down new bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about muscle fibers is correct?

    <p>Muscle fibers lose size and strength with age. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option incorrectly describes the relationship between muscle and motor units?

    <p>All muscle fibers in a muscle are innervated by the same motor neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Muscles

    • Muscles can only pull, not push
    • Muscles cause movement at the joints they cross
    • There are three types of muscle contractions: Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric
    • Isometric: No change in muscle length
    • Concentric: Muscle shortens
    • Eccentric: Muscle lengthens

    Joints

    • Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body
    • Synovial joints allow for a wide range of movement
    • Synovial Joints are categorized by their planes of movement
    • Uniaxial: One plane of movement (hinge, pivot)
    • Biaxial: Two planes of movement (condyloid, saddle)
    • Multiaxial: Three planes of movement (ball and socket)
    • Stability vs. mobility is a key consideration when discussing joints
    • A sprain is an injury to a ligament
    • A strain is an injury to a muscle

    Bones

    • Bone development begins in utero and continues until around 20 years old
    • Bones grow from the epiphyseal plates at the end of each bone
    • Osteoblasts build bone
    • Osteoclasts break down bone
    • Mechanical stress increases osteoblast activity, leading to stronger bones
    • Aging leads to decreased bone production, increased bone absorption, and increased bone brittleness

    Fractures

    • There are many types of fractures
    • Simple fractures involve only bones
    • Compound fractures involve bones piercing the skin

    Bone Types

    • There are five types of bones: Long, Short, Flat, Sesamoid, Irregular

    Articulations

    • Articulations are bony surfaces that rub together

    The Skull

    • The skull is divided into two parts: Neurocranium and Viscerocranium
    • Neurocranium holds 8 bones
    • Viscerocranium holds 14 bones
    • The mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
    • Fontanels are soft spots in the skull of infants, which later fuse into sutures
    • The human skull is made up of 22 bones

    The Spine

    • The spine is made up of 24 stacked vertebrae, on top of the sacrum and coccyx
    • There are four spine curves: Cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sacral kyphosis
    • Scoliosis is a lateral bending of the spine
    • The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae

    Vertebrae

    • There are three types of vertebrae: Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5)

    Motor Units

    • A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

    Aging and Muscles

    • Muscle mass is replaced by adipose tissue and fibrous connective tissue with age

    Movement Planes

    • The frontal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections. Movements in this plane are about the sagittal axis.
    • Movements in the frontal plane include: Adduction, Abduction
    • Movements in the sagittal plane include: Flexion, Extension
    • Movements in the transverse plane include: Rotation.

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