Human Anatomy Midterm Review 1 - Spinal Ligaments and Intervertebral Discs

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the first rib in relation to the sternum?

It is a synchondrosis connected with hyaline cartilage. (correct)

It allows for extensive lateral bending.

It is a synovial joint that allows significant movement.

It connects directly to the thoracic vertebrae.

How do the movements of the upper ribs differ from the lower ribs during inhalation?

Upper ribs move superiorly, while lower ribs move laterally. (correct)

Both upper and lower ribs move anteriorly.

Upper ribs move laterally, while lower ribs move anteriorly.

Both upper and lower ribs remain stationary.

Which spinal region has the most movement in all planes?

Cervical region (correct)

Sacral region

Thoracic region

Lumbar region

What is a characteristic of interchondral joints?

They are synovial planar joints. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of osteoporosis?

Decline in the density of bone, particularly spongy bone. Signup and view all the answers

What does a laminectomy procedure involve?

Cutting the lamina to create more space for nerve roots. Signup and view all the answers

In which clinical condition does the nucleus pulposus herniate through the annulus?

Disc protrusion Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle layer is NOT part of the intercostal muscles?

Rectus abdominis Signup and view all the answers

What primarily supplies arterial blood to the spine?

Segmental arteries from the aorta Signup and view all the answers

In which condition does the body of the vertebrae shift anteriorly?

Spondylolisthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament?

Limits extension of the spine Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is primarily responsible for limiting flexion of the spine?

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical arrangement of the annulus fibrosis in the intervertebral disc?

Layers run at various angles to each other Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Ligamentum Flavum attach in the spinal column?

To the lamina of vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What describes the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc?

Gelatinous and contains 88% water Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament compared to the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament?

Narrower and tends to be weaker Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects adjacent spinous processes?

Interspinous Ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows for significant rotation in the cervical region of the spine?

Zygapophyseal joint Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the herniation of intervertebral discs?

Low water content in the discs Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint are the costovertebral joints classified as?

Gliding planar joints Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Spinal Ligaments

Anterior Longitudinalligament (ALL) - runs along anterior vertebral bodies and discs, limits extension, wider distally
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) - runs along posterior vertebral bodies and discs, limits flexion, helps prevent posterior disc herniation, more innervated, stronger pain receptors
Supraspinous Ligament - runs along posterior aspect of spine, connects tips of spinous processes, limits flexion
Interspinous Ligament - connects spinous process to spinous process, maintains spinous process space, limits extension slightly
Ligamentum Nuchae - extends from C7 to occiput, holds neck in extended lordotic curve
Ligamentum Flavum - high volume of elastic fibers, attaches to lamina, inside spinal canal, controls rapid flexion, thickest lumbar

Intervertebral Discs

Annulus Fibrosis - outer layer, fibrocartilage, rings run at different angles for stability, only outer portion has innervation, thicker anteriorly
Nucleus Pulposus - inner layer, gelatinous, allows spinal mobility, 88% water, no innervation or blood supply

Joints of the Vertebral Column

Craniovertebral Joints
- Atlanto-occipital joints - occiput-C1
- Atlantoaxial joints - C1-C2
Joints of the vertebral bodies
- Uncovertebral joints - C3-C7
- Intervertebral joints - C2-S1
Joints of the vertebral arch
- Zygapophyseal joints - C2-S1
Zygapophyseal Joints - facet joints, plane joints, covered in hyaline cartilage, allow gliding
- Lumbar - significant flexion/extension, little rotation
- Cervical - more movement, especially rotation

Costovertebral Joints

Sternocostal Joints - flat facets laterally on sternum, synovial joints with ribs 2-7, allow movement with spine and breathing.
Costochondral Joints - bony rib to costal cartilage, synchondrosis
Interchondral Joints - synovial planar joints

Movements of the Trunk

Cervical Region - most movement, 90 degrees of flexion/extension/rotation, most side bending
Thoracic Region - 20 degrees flexion/extension, 50 degrees rotation
Lumbar Region - most movement in flexion, 10-20 degrees rotation

Movements of Ribs

Upper Ribs - 1-6, move anteriorly/superiorly with inhalation
Lower Ribs - 7-12, move laterally with inhalation

Spine Neurovascular

Arterial Supply - segmental arteries off of aorta at each level
Venous Drainage - intervertebral veins, intervertebral plexus
Innervation
- Zygapophyseal Joints - posterior primary ramus of each spinal level
- Vertebral Body - meningeal nerves

Clinical Considerations for the Spine

Osteoporosis - reduced bone density (spongy bone)
Laminectomy - removes lamina to create space in intervertebral foramen
Disc Protrusion - nucleus pulposus herniates through annulus, most commonly posterolateral
Spondylosis - fracture of pars interarticularis, Scottie dog sign
Spondylolisthesis - vertebral body shifts anteriorly, common in lower lumbar
Lumbar Puncture - collects CSF, spinal cord ends at L2, avoids damaging spinal cord

Intercostal Muscle Layers

External Costals
Internal Costals
Innermost Costals
Subcostal
Transversus thoracis

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Description

Test your knowledge on spinal ligaments and intervertebral discs with this quiz. Explore important structures like the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament and Annulus Fibrosis. Understand their locations, functions, and significance in spinal health.