Systems Theory and Organizational Thinking Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are standard sources of information about an employee’s job performance?

Objective production data, personnel data, judgmental data

What is 360-degree feedback used for?

Both developmental and administrative purposes

According to the text, can appraisals of performance be made by peers and subordinates?

Yes, in addition to supervisors

Is it acceptable to solicit evaluations from sources other than the supervisor in some cultures?

<p>No, it is not acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle in classical theory refers to the number of subordinates a manager is responsible for supervising?

<p>Span-of-control principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to classical theory, what does the scalar principle in organizations refer to?

<p>Organizations structured by a chain of command</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of classical theory in organizations?

<p>Structural relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to classical theory, which principle states that each subordinate should be accountable to only one supervisor?

<p>Unity of command</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the line/staff principle in classical theory differentiate organizational work into?

<p>Line and staff functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to classical theory, what should organizations be divided into based on the functional principle?

<p>Similar functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of neoclassical theory in organizations?

<p>Human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to neoclassical theory, what is emphasized to overcome organizational fragmentation?

<p>Chain of command</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emphasis of systems theories in organizations?

<p>Interconnectedness and interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to systems theories, what is crucial for organizational success?

<p>Interconnectedness and interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the unity of command principle in classical theory emphasize?

<p>Each subordinate being accountable to only one supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to classical theory, what are the four major structural principles?

<p>Functional, scalar, unity of command, line/staff</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to classical theory, what is considered a large span of control?

<p>15 subordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory was the first to articulate the form and substance of organizations?

<p>Classical theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of classical theory?

<p>Structural anatomy of organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory deeply influences the real-life structure of organizations with its four principles?

<p>Classical theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was neoclassical theory developed?

<p>1950s</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does neoclassical theory question about classical principles?

<p>Their deficiencies and rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does neoclassical theory argue for in terms of division of labor?

<p>Less rigid division of labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to neoclassical theory, what influences formal lines of authority prescribed by the scalar principle?

<p>Informal interpersonal activities within organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does neoclassical theory highlight about the distinction between line and staff functions?

<p>The critical role of staff functions in organizational success</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to neoclassical theory, what does determining an effective span of control depend on?

<p>Psychological factors such as leadership style and managerial ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did neoclassical theory draw heavily on to reveal the importance of individual differences in organizations?

<p>Behavioral research</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does neoclassical theory reveal about the importance of individual differences in organizations?

<p>They are crucial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of organizations is NOT outlined in the chapter?

<p>Modern Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the components of social systems within organizations that is examined in the chapter?

<p>Roles and norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which discipline has NOT contributed to the study of organizations?

<p>Biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the organizational change strategies discussed in the chapter?

<p>Employee empowerment</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the study of organizations begin to gain prominence?

<p>1950s</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as the need for organizations in response to changing conditions?

<p>Adaptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do I/O psychologists play in relation to organizations?

<p>They play a major role in helping organizations change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic are organizations described as having?

<p>Dynamic and adaptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an online resource linked to the book?

<p>Tutorial quizzes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discussed in relation to organizational resistance to change?

<p>It is discussed with an example case study provided</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is explained in relation to the creation of global organizations?

<p>Cross-cultural I/O psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has I/O psychology shifted its focus from?

<p>Individual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to systems theory, how are organizations viewed?

<p>As interdependent systems with their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Achilles’ heel of most large organizations according to systems theory?

<p>Failure to communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many parts is an organizational system composed of according to systems theory?

<p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the parts and interactions of a system according to systems theory?

<p>To meet the system’s larger goals: stability, growth, and adaptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between neoclassicists' conceptualization of organizations and systems theory?

<p>View of organizations as interdependent systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are coordination and linkage among system parts achieved according to systems theory?

<p>Through communication and decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

What field did systems theory emerge from?

<p>Biological sciences</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does systems theory view organizational communication?

<p>As occurring through networks that deviate from formal lines of authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the larger goals of an organizational system according to systems theory?

<p>Stability, growth, and adaptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conceptualization of organizations based on the classical perspective according to the text?

<p>Neoclassicists' view</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence for the development of systems theory?

<p>Biological sciences</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to systems theory, what do organizations resemble?

<p>Living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons for resistance to organizational change?

<p>Fear of uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can create misunderstandings during organizational change?

<p>Lack of clarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to disrupt established patterns of interaction during organizational change?

<p>Changes in communication and information flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may elicit resistance to organizational change if perceived as such?

<p>Inconvenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Systems Theory: A New Approach to Organizational Thinking

  • Neoclassicists' conceptualization of organizations was based on the classical perspective
  • Systems theory emerged in the 1970s as a radically different school of thought
  • Developed from the biological sciences and modified for organizational theory
  • Organizations are viewed as interdependent systems with their environment
  • All parts of the system are interdependent, making up the "system"
  • An organizational system is composed of five parts: individuals, formal organization, small groups, status and role, physical setting
  • Complex interactions exist among all parts of the system
  • Coordination and linkage among system parts are achieved through communication and decision making
  • Organizational communication occurs through networks that deviate from formal lines of authority
  • The Achilles’ heel of most large organizations is failure to communicate
  • Parts and interactions of a system exist to meet the system’s larger goals: stability, growth, and adaptability
  • Systems theory views organizations as living organisms with the purpose of reaching stability, growth, and adaptability

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