Systems Development Chapter 7
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What is systems development primarily about?

  • Implementing mobile applications for business
  • Developing feasibility analysis for new systems
  • Designing hardware to support business processes
  • Writing programs to solve the needs of users (correct)

    • What is the primary goal of systems development?

  • To implement new hardware
  • To bring new ideas to reality (correct)
  • To create new software
  • To develop new business processes

    • What is the main challenge faced by end users in systems development?

  • Lack of technical expertise (correct)
  • Unavailability of programming languages
  • Limited access to hardware resources
  • Insufficient budget for development

    • What is the primary focus of this chapter?

    <p>Information systems development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of successful completion of this chapter?

    <p>Ability to define systems development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why systems development is not a simple process?

    <p>Technical expertise required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of systems development?

    <p>Business needs and processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying concept of systems development?

    <p>Bringing new ideas to reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the system design phase?

    <p>A system design document</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for writing the code in the programming phase?

    <p>Developer or Software Engineer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the unit test in the testing phase?

    <p>To evaluate individual parts of the code for errors or bugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the implementation phase?

    <p>To implement the system in the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the maintenance phase?

    <p>To fix bugs and implement new features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SDLC methodology also known as?

    <p>The waterfall methodology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the SDLC methodology?

    <p>It does not allow for changes to the requirements once the process has begun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the system analysis phase?

    <p>To gather data and define user requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the preliminary analysis phase?

    <p>A project charter and feasibility study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can projects using SDLC take to complete?

    <p>Months or years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge in systems development?

    <p>Communication gap between the user and the service provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a critical factor in ensuring success in systems development?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

    <p>To manage large software projects running on corporate mainframes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of the SDLC?

    <p>Preliminary Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the System Analysis phase of the SDLC?

    <p>To determine the specific requirements for the new system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the System Analysis phase of the SDLC?

    <p>A system requirements document</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the System Design phase of the SDLC?

    <p>To develop the technical details required for the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a systems development methodology important?

    <p>It helps ensure development success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge in systems development?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a systems development methodology?

    <p>It helps improve the quality and efficiency of the development process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology?

    <p>To quickly build a working model of the software and get feedback from users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of the RAD methodology?

    <p>Requirements Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Joint Application Development (JAD) session in RAD?

    <p>To facilitate working with stakeholders and understand the essence of the requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phases does the RAD methodology consist of?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using RAD over SDLC?

    <p>RAD gives users the ability to provide feedback throughout the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the cutover phase of RAD typically done?

    <p>During low system usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between RAD and SDLC?

    <p>RAD is more flexible and iterative, while SDLC is more rigid and linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the construction phase in RAD?

    <p>To build the next version of the system through an interactive process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is RAD better suited for smaller projects?

    <p>Because it is more flexible and can be developed quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using an incremental cutover approach in RAD?

    <p>It allows for a gradual switch to the new system, one part at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of agile methodologies?

    <p>Quality and attention to detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the Agile Manifesto?

    <p>To promote iterative development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Daily Review in agile development?

    <p>To discuss the current state of the project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of lean methodology?

    <p>Developing a Minimum Viable Product (MVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of lean methodology?

    <p>To determine if an idea is worth developing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between agile and lean methodologies?

    <p>Agile is used for established projects, while lean is used for new ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using agile methodologies?

    <p>It allows for flexibility and adaptability to change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the user in lean methodology?

    <p>To provide feedback on the MVP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of small cross-functional teams in agile methodologies?

    <p>They include both developers and users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the feedback loop in lean methodology?

    <p>To gather feedback on the MVP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for individuals who are skilled in a particular program and build smaller applications for their own department?

    <p>End-user developer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of end-user computing in an organization?

    <p>It brings the development of applications closer to those who will use them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of end-user computing?

    <p>It can lead to duplication of effort and inefficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for the IT department to set guidelines and provide tools for end-user computing?

    <p>To ensure that end-user applications are developed correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a feasibility study in the development of a new system?

    <p>To identify the true extent and purpose of the new application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the three major areas that must be investigated in a feasibility study?

    <p>Economic, Technical, and Operational Feasibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an economic feasibility consideration?

    <p>The measurement of the costs and benefits of the new system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a project charter in system development?

    <p>To provide a statement of scope and objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tension that exists between the developers and the different stakeholder groups in system development?

    <p>The Quality Triangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the output from the preliminary investigation in system development?

    <p>To submit to management for a decision on whether to continue with the development project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when designing an application for a client?

    <p>The existing brand of the client</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Analytical Design?

    <p>To communicate information clearly and truthfully</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between building an application for a mobile device and a traditional computer?

    <p>The need for smaller, more energy-efficient components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using cloud-based data services in mobile apps?

    <p>Providing access to data in near real-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of app stores such as Apple's App Store and Google Play?

    <p>They simplify the acquisition and management of apps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of Responsive Web Design?

    <p>It adjusts the content to the device on which it is being viewed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of mobile apps?

    <p>They are simple, purpose-built, and task-oriented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using sensors in mobile devices?

    <p>They enable devices to be aware of context such as time, location, and velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of creating a set of logical instructions for a digital device to follow?

    <p>Programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of taking the design and encoding it into a programming language?

    <p>Coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cross-platform development?

    <p>Building a mobile app for both iOS and Android operating systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of programming language is specific to the type of hardware that has to be programmed?

    <p>First generation language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using third-party toolkits for cross-platform development?

    <p>They convert existing code such as HTML5, JavaScript, and Ruby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of converting assembly language into machine code?

    <p>Assembling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of third generation languages?

    <p>Similar to spoken languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using lower level languages such as assembly language?

    <p>More efficient and execute more quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the artificial language that provides a way for a developer to create programming code?

    <p>Programming language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of converting source code into machine code?

    <p>Compiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of programming languages are used for fast application development using intuitive interfaces and environments?

    <p>Fourth generation language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the example of a fourth generation language?

    <p>Clipper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept of the quality triangle?

    <p>You can only address two of the three factors: time, cost, and quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you are willing and able to spend a lot of money on a project?

    <p>The project will be completed quickly with high quality results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to achieve low-cost, high-quality projects done quickly?

    <p>Because the human mind is analog and the machines are digital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Conway's Law?

    <p>Organizations that design information systems are constrained to do so in a way that mirrors their internal communication processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to successful information systems?

    <p>Good design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does usability refer to in the context of information systems design?

    <p>How easy the system is to navigate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of usability theory?

    <p>To provide rules of thumb for designing a user interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is graphic design in the context of information systems design?

    <p>The visual appeal and organization of the user interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to follow established conventions in designing a user interface?

    <p>To tremendously increase the potential acceptance of your website or app.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the design process in information systems development?

    <p>To satisfy the business need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a lower level language in programming?

    <p>To increase the speed and precision of certain parts of a program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?

    <p>It provides a variety of tools to assist the programmer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool?

    <p>To generate quality code based on input created by the designer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'build vs. buy' decision about?

    <p>Determining whether to purchase software or build it in-house</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of purchasing software from an outside company?

    <p>It can be used by competitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a systems integrator?

    <p>To make various purchased systems and the existing systems work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of purchasing software from an outside company?

    <p>It is available much more quickly than if built in-house</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an editor in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?

    <p>To automatically color code commands to identify command types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?

    <p>Microsoft's Visual Studio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a debugging tool in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)?

    <p>To assist the developer in locating errors and finding solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conducting a feasibility analysis?

    <p>To ensure the new system will be a good investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using higher-level programming languages?

    <p>They allow a programmer to write software for a wide variety of machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason companies choose to purchase software?

    <p>To save development costs and speed implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration in the implementation phase of a new software application?

    <p>The type of implementation methodology to use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would an organization consider building its own software application?

    <p>Because it provides more control over the software development process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Agile methodologies?

    <p>Incremental changes with a focus on quality and attention to detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of change management in systems development?

    <p>To manage the way change is implemented in the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using responsive design in software development?

    <p>It enables software applications to adapt to different screen sizes and devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the planning phase in the SDLC?

    <p>To develop a detailed plan for the software development project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why some development projects fail?

    <p>Lack of planning and poor project management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do one in three technology development projects fail to be successfully deployed?

    <p>Because of a combination of technical, project management, and business decision blunders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the change management process?

    <p>To minimize the impact of the change on the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why organizations should leverage established project planning and software development methodologies?

    <p>To improve the overall quality of their development practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the maintenance phase of the system development life cycle?

    <p>Fixing bugs and making changes to the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of providing training to employees before the implementation of a new system?

    <p>To ensure that employees are comfortable with the new system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why organizations should understand the complexity involved in their technology investments?

    <p>To achieve success in technology investments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of documentation during the maintenance phase?

    <p>To provide information to refer to on the changes made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why organizations should communicate proposed changes before they happen?

    <p>To minimize the impact of the change on the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of ensuring that the system continues to stay aligned with business priorities during the maintenance phase?

    <p>To ensure that the system continues to run well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why feedback is important during the maintenance phase?

    <p>To drive future development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with customizing software from a vendor?

    <p>The organization will have to manage the customizations every time the vendor provides an upgrade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using web services?

    <p>It greatly simplifies the addition of functionality to a website.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of the direct cutover implementation methodology?

    <p>If the new system has an operational problem or if the users are not properly prepared, it could prove disastrous for the organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the parallel operation implementation methodology?

    <p>It is the least risky methodology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the phased implementation methodology?

    <p>To provide a gradual transition from the old system to the new system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of going through the same analysis as if the software was going to be developed?

    <p>It ensures that the organization makes the best strategic decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why convincing a group of people to learn and use a new system can be very difficult?

    <p>It can have far-reaching effects within the organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using web services?

    <p>It allows companies to license functions provided by other companies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the choice of an implementation methodology?

    <p>The complexity of both the old and new systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using pilot implementation methodology?

    <p>It allows the support team to focus on a smaller group of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Systems Development

    • Systems development is the process of taking an idea and bringing it to reality through a series of steps.
    • It involves understanding the needs of users, developing a solution, and implementing it.
    • Systems development can be a complex process, involving multiple stakeholders and requiring technical expertise.

    Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

    • The SDLC is a structured approach to systems development, involving several phases:
      • Preliminary analysis: defining the problem, identifying alternatives, and determining feasibility.
      • System analysis: gathering data, modeling systems, and defining user requirements.
      • System design: developing a detailed design for the system, including technical specifications.
      • Programming: writing code to implement the system.
      • Testing: evaluating the system to ensure it meets requirements.
      • Implementation: putting the system into operation.
      • Maintenance: supporting and updating the system over time.

    Other Development Methods

    • Rapid Application Development (RAD):
      • Focuses on quickly building a working model of the software.
      • Involves interactive development, with user feedback and iteration.
      • Consists of four phases: requirements planning, user design, construction, and cutover.
    • Agile Methodologies:
      • Emphasize incremental changes, with a focus on quality and attention to detail.
      • Involve daily status meetings, short time-frames, and collaboration between developers and users.
      • Goal is to provide flexibility and ensure a quality product.
    • Lean Methodology:
      • Focuses on developing a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) and iterating based on feedback.
      • Involves direct observation, usage statistics, and pivoting to change direction.

    Feasibility

    • Feasibility analysis is a critical step in systems development, determining whether a project is worth pursuing.
    • Involves evaluating the scope and objectives of the project, and determining whether it aligns with organizational goals and resources.### System Development Life Cycle
    • New applications originate from end-user requests, which are evaluated against other requests for information systems resources.
    • A preliminary investigation is conducted to determine the feasibility of the new system, covering economic, technical, and operational feasibility.

    The Quality Triangle

    • The quality triangle represents the tension between three competing factors: time, cost, and quality.
    • Only two of these factors can be prioritized, as they are in competition with each other.
    • Spending more money can lead to quicker completion with higher quality, but projects may not always fit this model.

    Design

    • Good design is key to successful information systems.
    • Design involves analyzing problems and documenting requirements before designing solutions.
    • Important design characteristics include:
      • Usability: how easy the system is to navigate.
      • Graphic design: visual appeal and organization of the user interface.
      • Analytical design: representing information to communicate clearly and truthfully.

    Building a Mobile App

    • Building a mobile app differs from building a traditional computer application in five key ways:
      • Breakthroughs in component technologies (e.g., low-power CPUs, touchscreens, and Wi-Fi).
      • Sensors unlock the notion of context (e.g., time, location, velocity, and direction).
      • Simple, purpose-built, task-oriented apps are easy to use.
      • Immediate access to data extends the value proposition.
      • App stores simplify acquisition and management.

    Programming

    • Programming is the process of creating a set of logical instructions for a digital device using a programming language.
    • Programming languages are characterized by their generation, with later generations being more high-level and abstract.
    • Generations of programming languages include:
      • Machine code (1st generation): low-level, hardware-specific instructions.
      • Assembly language (2nd generation): English-like phrases translated into machine code.
      • High-level languages (3rd generation): similar to spoken languages, compiled into machine code.
      • Fourth-generation languages: fast application development tools, often used for specific purposes.
    • Programming tools include:
      • Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): provide editors, compilers, and debugging tools.
      • Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools: generate code based on input from designers.

    Build vs. Buy

    • When deciding to develop a new program, organizations must weigh the pros and cons of building it themselves versus purchasing it from an outside company.
    • Advantages of buying software include:
      • Lower cost.
      • Faster availability.
      • Less development and testing required.
    • Disadvantages of buying software include:
      • Loss of competitive advantage.
      • Customization and upgrade management challenges.

    Implementation and Maintenance

    • Once a new system is developed or purchased, the organization must determine the best implementation method.

    • Implementation methodologies include:

      • Direct cutover: switch to the new system on a specific date.
      • Pilot implementation: test the new system with a small group of users.
      • Phased implementation: roll out the new system in stages.
      • Parallel operation: run the old and new systems simultaneously.### Implementation Methodologies

    • A pilot group within an organization starts using a new system before the rest of the organization to minimize impact and allow for focused support.

    • Parallel operation involves using both old and new systems simultaneously for a limited period, which is the least risky but most expensive approach.

    • Phased implementation involves gradually introducing new application functions while turning off corresponding functions in the old system, a more conservative approach.

    Change Management

    • Change management is crucial when introducing new systems and phasing out old ones to minimize impact on the organization.
    • Communication is key to ensure employees understand the changes and how they affect their job processes.
    • Training should be provided to ensure employees are comfortable with the new system before implementation.

    Project Outcomes

    • One in three technology development projects fail to be successfully deployed.
    • Common factors contributing to project failure include:
    • Unrealistic or unclear project goals
    • Poor project leadership and weak executive commitment
    • Inaccurate resource estimates
    • Badly defined system requirements
    • Poor reporting and communication
    • Immature technology
    • Unmanaged risks
    • Inability to handle project complexity
    • Sloppy development and testing practices
    • Poor project management
    • Stakeholder politics
    • Commercial pressures

    Maintenance

    • After implementation, the system enters the maintenance phase, where changes are made to address bugs and new features.
    • IT management must ensure the system aligns with business priorities and continues to run well.
    • Documentation and feedback are crucial during the maintenance phase to drive future development.

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    Description

    This chapter covers the systems development life cycle, including feasibility, design, building, and implementation. It also explores other development methods and programming concepts.

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