144 Questions
What are the principal biochemical mediators of inflammation?
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and chemokines
What is the role of inflammation in the innate immune response?
Protecting against pathogenic microorganisms
Which is a harmful inflammatory response mentioned in the text?
Inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis
Why is understanding inflammation important in medicine?
To address tissue injury in many disorders
What would happen without the process of inflammation?
Pathogenic microbes would overwhelm us
When was an accurate description of the clinical features of inflammation found?
Around 3000 b.c.
Which of the following mediators is primarily responsible for the increased vascular permeability and vasodilation observed in the early stages of inflammation?
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
Which of the following is a primary function of acute-phase proteins produced during inflammation?
Opsonizing pathogens for phagocytosis
Which of the following cytokines is primarily responsible for the fever observed during inflammation?
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Which of the following mediators is primarily responsible for the leukocytosis (increased production of leukocytes) observed during inflammation?
Colony-stimulating factors
Which of the following mediators is primarily stored as a preformed molecule in cellular granules and is released within minutes of an inflammatory stimulus?
Histamine
In severe infections leading to septic shock, which of the following mediators is primarily responsible for the observed fall in blood pressure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and metabolic abnormalities?
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Which of the following best describes damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?
Proinflammatory molecules released from necrotic cells
What is the primary goal of the inflammatory process?
To deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of infection or tissue injury
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism contributing to increased vascular permeability during inflammation?
Increased production of nitric oxide, causing smooth muscle relaxation
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where inflammation causes unintended damage to normal tissues?
Collateral damage
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammatory diseases?
Rapid onset and resolution
Which of the following events occurs during the inflammatory process?
Chemotaxis of leukocytes to the site of infection or injury
Which cells recognize highly conserved PAMPs found on pathogens and promote phagocytosis in the inflammatory response?
Macrophages
In the inflammatory response, which of the following cells is primarily responsible for the production of inflammatory mediators upon recognition of danger signals from injured cells or necrosis?
Mast cells
During inflammation, which cell type recognizes damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by injured cells and promotes the activation of intracellular signaling pathways?
Macrophages
Which of the following is a primary function of complement components during inflammation?
Enhance opsonization and phagocytosis
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the increased vascular permeability and vasodilation observed in the early stages of inflammation?
Mast cells
What is the primary effect of septic shock on blood pressure?
Fall in blood pressure
Which of the following cells play a major role in releasing histamine during inflammation?
Mast cells
In severe infections leading to septic shock, which mediator is primarily responsible for the observed fall in blood pressure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and metabolic abnormalities?
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
In inflammation, what is the primary role of neutrophils?
Perform phagocytosis of pathogens
Which biochemical mediator stored as a preformed molecule in cellular granules is primarily responsible for leukocytosis observed during inflammation?
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
Which of the following is a primary source of leukocytosis during inflammation?
Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells
What is the main function of eosinophils in inflammation?
Combat parasitic infections
What is the primary role of sentinel cells in inflammation?
Recognizing microbes or dead tissue in tissues
Which of the following is a primary role of leukocytes in inflammation?
Removing microbes and dead tissue from the inflammatory site
In severe infections leading to septic shock, which of the following is primarily responsible for the metabolic abnormalities observed?
Cytokines
Which cellular lineage plays a significant role in inflammation by being recruited from the circulation?
Myeloid Lineage
Which complement system component is primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability and vasodilation in early inflammation stages?
C3a
What are the five Rs of inflammation?
Recognition, Retrieval, Regulation, Repair, Removal
Which stimulus for inflammation involves recognition by sentinel cells and subsequent recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins from the circulation?
Microbes or necrotic cells in extravascular tissues
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for inflammation based on the provided text?
Presence of lymphoid lineage cells
During inflammation, which aspect refers to the regulated and terminated reaction after removal of microbes and dead tissue?
Regulation
In the context of inflammation, what is the primary role of lymphoid lineage cells in response to stimuli?
Produce mediators that affect blood vessels
What is the term used to describe proinflammatory molecules released from necrotic cells?
Damage-associated molecular patterns
What process becomes the cause of injury and disease when inappropriately directed against self tissues?
Inflammation
Which mediator causes relaxation in the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels during the inflammatory process?
Nitric oxide (NO)
What results in the greater blood volume but slower blood flow during inflammation?
Vasodilation
Which of the following is the primary goal of vasodilation in inflammation?
Increase blood flow
Which process permits plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation during inflammation?
Increased vascular permeability
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation described in the text?
Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
How do phagocytic cells recognize pathogens and initiate the inflammatory response?
By detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Which of the following is NOT a cause of tissue necrosis leading to inflammation, as mentioned in the text?
Autoimmune disorders
What happens when a pathogen is recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on phagocytic cells?
Intracellular signaling pathways are activated, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators
What is the primary role of the inflammatory response, as described in the text?
To destroy pathogens and remove harmful stimuli
An 11-year-old child falls and cuts his hand. The wound becomes infected. Bacteria extend into the extracellular matrix around capillaries. The injury is now red, swollen, warm, and painful. In the inflammatory response to this infection, which of the following cells removes the bacteria?
Macrophage
What term is used to describe proinflammatory molecules released from necrotic cells?
Inflammatory chemokines
How does inflammation cause collateral damage to normal tissues?
By inappropriately targeting self-tissues or not being adequately controlled
What is the main goal of the inflammatory response with regards to tissue repair?
To replace injured tissue through regeneration or scarring
What is the primary function of vasodilation in inflammation?
To increase blood supply to tissues and enhance blood flow
Which process often precedes vasodilation in inflammation?
Vasoconstriction
What are the mechanisms that contribute to increased vascular permeability during inflammation?
Direct endothelial damage and vascular leakage by certain mediators
Which of the following is the primary trigger for inflammation in response to cell or tissue injury?
Necrosis (uncontrolled cell death)
What is the primary role of phagocytic cells in the inflammatory response to cell or tissue injury?
Recognize and phagocytose pathogens
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where inflammation causes unintended damage to normal tissues?
Collateral damage
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of an inappropriate or excessive inflammatory response?
Facilitation of tissue regeneration
What is the primary role of inflammation in the context of tissue repair?
Promote angiogenesis and collagen deposition
Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for initiating the inflammatory response to necrotic cell death?
Macrophages
What is the primary stimulus that triggers inflammation in response to a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
Tissue necrosis
Which of the following best describes the term 'bystander injury' in the context of inflammation?
Injury resulting from the inflammatory response itself
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Phagocytose and destroy invading pathogens
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which inflammation contributes to tissue repair?
Induction of apoptosis in healthy cells
What is the primary role of macrophages in the inflammatory response?
All of the above
Which of the following best describes the role of inflammation in the body's response to injury or infection?
It is an essential protective response to eliminate threats and initiate repair
A 17-year-old motocross rider presents with a severely bruised and swollen left arm resulting from a crash at the track an hour ago. This acute inflammatory response was triggered by the release of biological molecules from necrotic cells. What term below is used to describe these proinflammatory molecules?
Damage-associated molecular patterns
What is the main goal of vasodilation in the context of inflammation?
To facilitate the delivery of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site of infection
Which process results in increased vascular permeability during inflammation?
Retraction of endothelial cells
During inflammation, what results in edema?
Increased vascular permeability
What is the term for the process of leukocytes moving across blood vessel endothelium towards the site of infection or injury?
Chemotaxis
Which of the following contributes to increased blood volume but slower blood flow during inflammation?
Increased vascular permeability
What contributes to the manifestation of hyperemia during inflammation?
Arteriole dilation
Which cell type is primarily responsible for releasing histamine to induce vasodilation and increase vascular permeability during the early stages of inflammation?
Mast cells
What is the role of chemotaxis in inflammation?
Chemotaxis involves leukocyte recruitment to the site of inflammation guided by chemical signals.
What is the main function of endothelial cells in the context of inflammation?
Increasing vascular permeability
Which of the following best describes the significance of leukocyte recruitment in the inflammatory process?
Leukocyte recruitment involves directing white blood cells to the site of infection or injury.
What initiates the process of vasodilation in inflammation?
Release of histamine by mast cells
Which of the following best describes the vascular changes seen in the early stages of acute inflammation?
Vasodilation, decreased blood flow, and increased vascular permeability
What is the primary purpose of increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation?
To allow leukocytes to enter the inflamed tissue
Which of the following types of exudates is characterized by the presence of neutrophils and cellular debris?
Purulent
What is the term used to describe the fluid accumulation in body cavities or tissues during inflammation?
Effusion
Which of the following types of exudates is characterized by the presence of fibrin strands?
Fibrinous
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the early stages of acute inflammation?
Phagocytosis of microorganisms and debris
A 72-year-old man with severe emphysema has had worsening right ventricular failure for the past 5 years. For the past 4 days, he has had fever and increasing dyspnea. A chest radiograph shows an accumulation of fluid in the pleural spaces. Fluid obtained by thoracentesis has a specific gravity of 1.030 and contains degenerating neutrophils. The most likely cause of this fluid accumulation is due to changes in which of the following?
Increased vascular permeability
What is the primary function of chemoattractants in leukocyte migration through endothelium?
Guiding leukocytes towards the site of infection or injury
Which of the following is a common endogenous chemoattractant involved in leukocyte chemotaxis?
Complement components
What is the key role of leukotrienes in leukocyte chemotaxis?
Guiding leukocytes to the site of inflammation
Which process involves engulfment of pathogens and/or necrotic cells by leukocytes?
Phagocytosis
What is the main function of NADPH oxidase in the context of inflammation?
Killing and degrading ingested materials
How do anti-inflammatory mediators contribute to the inflammatory response?
Terminating the acute inflammatory reaction when it is no longer needed
What phenomenon was the investigator studying when he was evaluating drugs for promoting the rapid movement of neutrophils between endothelial cells and into a site of tissue inflammation?
Diapedesis
Which substance on endothelial cells is most instrumental in promoting neutrophil accumulation in an inflammatory reaction as described in the text?
E-selectin
Which of the following is NOT involved in the migration of leukocytes through interendothelial spaces according to the text?
Lysozyme
What is the primary function of adhesion molecules present in the intercellular junctions between endothelial cells during leukocyte migration?
Facilitate leukocyte migration
Which process involves leukocytes entering extravascular tissue by secreting collagenases that break down the basement membrane?
Leukocyte extravasation
What is the main purpose of chemokines in the context of leukocyte migration through endothelium as described in the text?
Stimulate leukocytes to migrate towards the site of injury
What is the primary role of adhesion molecules in the inflammatory response?
To facilitate the migration of leukocytes across the endothelium and into the tissue
Which process is primarily responsible for the migration of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation?
Chemotaxis
What is the primary role of lymphatic vessels during inflammation?
To remove excess fluid and cellular debris from the inflamed site
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during leukocyte extravasation?
Rolling, margination, adhesion, diapedesis
Which group of adhesion molecules is primarily responsible for the initial rolling of leukocytes along the endothelium?
Selectins
What is the primary role of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
To stimulate the migration of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation
A small sliver of wood becomes embedded in the finger of a 25-year-old man. He does not remove it, and over the next 3 days the area around the sliver becomes red, swollen, and tender. Neutrophils migrate into the injured tissue. Expression of which of the following substances on endothelial cells is most instrumental in promoting neutrophil accumulation in this inflammatory reaction?
E-selectin
An investigator was studying several drugs for their ability to promote the rapid movement of neutrophils between endothelial cells and into a site of tissue inflammation. Which of the following phenomena was he studying?
Diapedesis
Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytizing and destroying microbes and dead tissues in inflammation?
Neutrophils
In chronic inflammation, which type of macrophages is mainly involved in tissue repair and the resolution of inflammation?
Alternatively activated macrophages (M2)
What is the predominant cell type in extravascular tissues approximately 48 hours after the onset of inflammation?
Macrophages
Which of the following mediators is responsible for most of the tissue injury in chronic inflammation?
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
What systemic effect is observed due to the activation of macrophages by microbial products and cytokines in inflammation?
Fever
Which of the following cell types is induced by microbial products and cytokines to potentiate inflammatory reactions?
Classically activated macrophages (M1)
What is the primary process involved in the removal of pathogens and necrotic cells by leukocytes during inflammation?
Phagocytosis
Which of the following describes a characteristic feature of acute inflammation?
Rapid onset and short duration
What is the primary function of NADPH oxidase in the context of phagocytosis?
Generating reactive oxygen species
What is the main systemic effect of anti-inflammatory mediators during the resolution of inflammation?
Terminating acute inflammatory reactions
Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosis during the acute inflammatory response?
Neutrophils
Which cell type plays a crucial role in chronic inflammatory conditions like psoriasis?
Macrophages
What systemic effect can occur during severe, uncontrolled inflammation?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Which process is a hallmark of chronic inflammation and can lead to tissue destruction?
Angiogenesis
What is the primary function of macrophages during the inflammatory response?
Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris
A 9-year-old boy has had a chronic cough and fever for the past month. A chest radiograph shows enlargement of hilar lymph nodes and bilateral pulmonary nodular interstitial infiltrates. A sputum sample contains acid-fast bacilli. A transbronchial biopsy specimen shows granulomatous inflammation with epithelioid macrophages and Langhans giant cells. Which of the following mediators is most likely to contribute to giant cell formation?
Interferon-γ
A 15-year-old girl has had episodes of sneezing with watery eyes and runny nose for the past 2 weeks. On physical examination she has red, swollen nasal mucosal surfaces. She has had similar episodes each Spring and Summer when the amount of ragweed pollen in the air is high. Her symptoms are most likely to be mediated by the release of which of the following chemical mediators from mast cells?
Histamine
Which of the following mediators is primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability and vasodilation in the early stages of inflammation?
Histamine
What is the primary function of platelet activating factor (PAF) in inflammation?
Inducing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability at extremely low concentrations
Which of the following is NOT a source of serotonin, a vasoactive amine involved in inflammation?
Neutrophils
What is the primary role of nitric oxide (NO) in inflammation?
Inducing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Which of the following proinflammatory cytokines is primarily responsible for inducing fever during inflammation?
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Which of the following mediators is involved in promoting leukocyte production from precursors in the bone marrow during inflammation?
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
Which chemical mediator released from mast cells is most likely responsible for the patient's nasal mucosal symptoms during high ragweed pollen seasons?
Histamine
Which of the following mediators can promote vasodilation but also inhibit platelet aggregation and leukocyte recruitment?
Nitric oxide
Which of the following mediators is primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability and vasodilation during the early stages of inflammation?
Histamine
Which of the following is a lipid mediator that can promote platelet aggregation and leukocyte recruitment during inflammation?
Platelet-activating factor
Which of the following mediators is primarily responsible for the fever observed during inflammation?
Interleukin-1β
Which of the following mediators causes vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle cells surrounding blood vessels?
Histamine
Which substance is primarily stored in preformed granules within cells and released rapidly upon an inflammatory stimulus?
Histamine
Which of the following is a major proinflammatory cytokine involved in the acute inflammatory response?
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Which mediator is involved in increasing vascular permeability during inflammation, leading to plasma leakage and edema formation?
Histamine
Which of the following substances is primarily involved in platelet aggregation and bronchoconstriction during inflammation?
Platelet-activating factor
Which of the following mediators is derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid and plays a role in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?
Prostaglandins
A 77-year-old woman experiences a sudden loss of consciousness, with loss of movement on the right side of the body. Cerebral angiography shows an occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. Elaboration of which of the following mediators will be most beneficial in preventing further ischemic injury to her cerebral cortex?
Nitric oxide
Hunter Block 4 Week 3
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
