PROG1225 Practice Quiz 2

100 Questions

What command is used to switch to the root user in Linux?

su Command

In Windows 10, what can be found in the Process Tab of Task Manager?

Currently running processes and resource utilization

What type of commands in Linux typically require superuser privileges?

Most commands

What is the purpose of the sudo command in Linux?

To execute commands with administrative rights

Which command is used to attach a file system to a directory in Linux?

mount

What file is used to create mount entries for other storage devices for automatic mounting in Linux?

/etc/fstab

Which command is used to determine the device to mount in Linux?

fdisk -l

What type of links in Linux create multiple copies of the same file linked together?

hard links

What does the top command display?

Real-time system statistics with a 5-second delay

What is the purpose of the /proc directory in Linux?

Provides runtime system information

What does the vmstat command report on?

Process status, memory consumption, paging activity, I/O operations, and CPU usage

What is the equivalent of the fsck command in Windows?

chkdsk command

Which log file contains information and error messages generated by the cron and at daemons?

secure

Which log file provides detailed information regarding daemon startup and system messages?

messages

Which package manager uses the 'rpm' command?

Red Hat Package Manager

What type of files must be compiled on the local computer before use?

Source code files

Which tool in Windows Task Manager allows users to view and manage system programs running in the background?

Services tab

What does the ps command in Linux do?

Lists system processes, their owners, and resource usage

What is the purpose of the Performance Monitor in Windows 10?

Collects real-time data about a system's usage activities

What information does the Resources tab in the GNOME System Monitor display?

Displays usage history of CPU, memory, swap memory, and network

What are the three basic steps in networking communication?

Finding the other computer, agreeing on protocols, making requests

What is the group of protocols used for almost all networks today, including the Internet?

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

In the client/server model, which computer takes on the role of making requests?

The client computer

At which level does the hardware for network communication consist of a network card and connection to the network?

Hardware Level

What is the first step in network communication when two devices communicate?

One computer must find the other

What is the purpose of a MAC address in a local area network (LAN)?

To locate a computer on the LAN

Which layer of the OSI Reference Model is responsible for sending bits via transmission?

Physical Layer

What protocol is used by the Network Layer to move messages from one node to another?

IP protocol

Which protocol is used by the Transport Layer for guaranteed delivery of application layer payloads?

TCP

What is the primary function of an IP address in network communication?

To find computers on the Internet and local networks

Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for logical addressing and routing?

Network layer

Which protocol is commonly used for secure file transfer over a network?

SSH

What is the primary function of DNS in TCP/IP networking?

Resolving domain names to IP addresses

Which type of IP address is used for communication within a local network and is not routable on the internet?

Private IP address

What is the unique feature of IPv6 that provides a direct connection between two nodes on a network without the need for a separate infrastructure?

Link

What type of address in IPv6 specifies a single node on a network?

Global address

Which type of IPv6 address can identify multiple destinations, with packets delivered to the closest destination?

Anycast address

What is the purpose of a fully qualified domain name (FQDN)?

Identifies a computer and the network to which it belongs

What does the DNS protocol do?

Finds an IP address for a computer when the fully qualified domain name is known

What is the purpose of unique local addresses in IPv6?

To provide private addresses that can travel across subnets within the private network

What does a PAN (Personal Area Network) consist of?

Personal devices communicating at close range

What technology is commonly used in a LAN (Local Area Network)?

Wi-Fi

What does a WLAN (Wireless LAN) cater to?

Where network cabling is inconvenient to install or use

What does a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) cover?

Large campus or city

What does a WAN (Wide Area Network) cover?

A large area and is made up of many smaller networks

What are some technologies used to connect a single computer or LAN to the Internet?

DSL, cable Internet, satellite, cellular, and fiber optic

What is the maximum speed of a dedicated fiber optic line?

43 Tbps

What is the speed range of 3G cellular connections?

200 Kbps to 4 Mbps

Which networking hardware transmits data only to the intended device?

Switches

What is the speed range of 4G cellular connections?

100 Mbps to 1 Gbps

Which network topology is most commonly used?

Star-bus

What is the speed range of satellite connections?

Up to 15 Mbps

What is the main role of NAS (Network Attached Storage) in a local area network?

Providing fault tolerant data storage

Which RAID level provides both fault tolerance and improved performance?

RAID Level 5 – Blocked Data with Distributed Parity

What is the main difference between SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) and SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)?

SAS is a serial storage technology, while SCSI is a parallel storage technology

What is the main purpose of FCoE (Fiber Channel over Ethernet) in network environments?

Allowing FC to use Ethernet devices while saving costs

What is the primary function of iSCSI (Internet SCSI) in a SAN (Storage Area Network)?

Allowing fast transmissions over LANs, WANs, and the Internet

What is the main function of a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) in a computer system?

Raising voltage during brownouts, acting as a surge suppressor, and providing battery backup

What is the purpose of redundant hardware in networking and server environments?

Ensuring continued operation in case of component failure

What is the primary function of tape drives in a computer system?

Backing up data

What is the main difference between a server OS and a desktop OS?

Server OS can take on a particular role more effectively

What is the structure of a computer name on the Internet called?

FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name)

What is the DNS (Domain Name System) primarily composed of?

Computer name and IP address pairs

What is the DNS naming hierarchy best described as?

An inverted tree with the root at the top

What is the main characteristic of the DNS (Domain Name System) lookup process?

It often requires a series of queries to a hierarchy of DNS servers

Which server role is responsible for accepting email and routing it over the Internet using the SMTP protocol?

Email Server

Which protocol is commonly used for secure file transfer over a network?

FTP

What is the primary function of a Proxy Server?

Filtering requests and improving performance

What is the primary function of an NTP (Network Time Protocol) Server?

Serving 'correct' time and date requests

Which server role is responsible for coordinating common configuration files across multiple computers in a LAN?

NIS (Network Information Service) Server

What is the primary function of DHCP in networking?

Assigning IP addresses automatically from a defined pool

What is the role of Root Servers in DNS?

Managing top-level domain names

What is the purpose of Forward Lookup Zone (FLZ) in DNS?

Mapping domain names to IP addresses

What is the main function of a DNS server?

Resolving domain names to IP addresses

What is the DNS lookup process?

Involves iterative and recursive queries

What is the purpose of the DHCPREQUEST packet in the DHCP address assignment process?

To accept the offered IP address from the DHCP server

In IPv6, how can the network ID (prefix) be assigned?

Through stateless or stateful autoconfiguration or DHCPv6

What does DHCPv6 provide in IPv6 environments?

Address assignment and management

When does the lease renewal process involve a DHCPREQUEST packet?

When the lease is 50% expired

How can the IPv6 interface ID be assigned?

Using the MAC address, randomly generated permanent or temporary identifiers, DHCPv6, or manual entry

What is the purpose of the /etc/passwd file in Linux?

To describe user accounts

What is the function of the pwconv command in Linux?

To revert from using two files to one for user information

What is the primary purpose of the shadow file (/etc/shadow) in Linux?

To contain the encrypted password and expiration information

What is the significance of authenticating user credentials in a Linux system?

To grant access to the operating system based on user account

Which file contains encrypted passwords and password expiration details in Linux?

shadow file

Which command is used to create user accounts in Linux?

useradd

What command is used to modify user account information in Linux?

usermod

Which command is used to add a group in Linux?

groupadd

Which command is used to set the default printer for all users in CUPS?

lpadmin

Where are the log files for troubleshooting typically stored in Linux?

/var/log

Which network construct is used for communication between processes by logging daemons?

Socket

What is the recommended command to use to retain firewall rules beyond shutdown in Linux?

service iptables save

Which command is used to manage zones and firewall rules for traffic by service or port number in Linux?

firewall-cmd

What does SUID (Set owner User ID up on execution) allow in Linux?

Execution as the root user

Which encryption algorithm is commonly used in Linux for SSH and GPG?

RSA

Which utilities help monitor system performance in Linux?

mpstat, iostat, sysstat

Which command is used to decompress files in Linux?

gzip -d

Which command is used to create, extract, and compress archives in Linux?

tar

Which remote administration method for Linux servers is a secure replacement for telnet and allows for GUI?

SSH

Which printing system is a common printing system used on Linux computers?

CUPS

Study Notes

Monitoring System Performance in Windows and Linux

Windows Task Manager provides a Performance tab that gives a quick view of CPU, memory, disk, and network usage.
The App History tab in Windows Task Manager shows usage history for Windows Store applications only, but this can be changed to show history for all processes.
The Startup tab in Windows Task Manager shows which programs start automatically during system log-in and allows users to disable certain programs from starting up.
The Users tab in Windows Task Manager shows the resources used by the user's account, other users on the system, and allows switching to other user sessions.
The Services tab in Windows Task Manager allows users to view and manage system programs running in the background.
Most Linux environments provide a system monitor, like the GNOME System Monitor, which monitors system processes, manipulates running applications, and displays resource usage history.
The Processes tab in the GNOME System Monitor lists all processes running on the system and provides options to control displayed processes and view dependencies.
The Resources tab in the GNOME System Monitor displays usage history of CPU, memory, swap memory, and network, and the File Systems tab includes information about disk space usage and file system type.
The ps command in Linux lists system processes, their owners, and the amount of system resources being used, and assigns a Process ID (PID) to each process.
The kill command in Linux is used to stop a process, with options like kill PID, kill -9 PID, and kill -SIGHUP PID, each serving different purposes.
Performance monitoring tools are used to collect real-time data about a system's usage activities, establish performance baselines, and investigate potential system problems and bottlenecks.
In Windows 10, Performance Monitor can be used to collect and view real-time data about a system's usage activities, including monitoring disk performance, managing memory, and monitoring processor use.

TCP/IP Networking Overview

Most tasks performed by the OS when an application makes an API call to the OS
OSI Model and TCP/IP Model layers and their relation
TCP/IP layers and their functions: Application, Transport, Network, Network Interface
Common TCP/IP protocols and their functions: HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, POP, IMAP, Telnet, LDAP, FTP, SSH, SNMP, RDP, DNS, DHCP
IP addresses: Static, Dynamic, IPv4, IPv6, private IP addresses, subnet masks, APIPA
IPv6 format and its unique features: link, interface, interface ID, neighbors
Usage of the TCP/IP suite of protocols embedded in the OS
Process of encapsulation and decapsulation in TCP/IP layers
HTTP and HTTPS protocols and their respective port numbers
DNS and DHCP protocols and their respective port numbers
SNMP and RDP protocols and their respective port numbers
FTP and SSH protocols and their respective port numbers

Types of Network Connections and Hardware

Networks are built using various technologies with different bandwidth capacities, measured in Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps, Pbps, Ebps, Zbps, and Ybps.
Data throughput represents the average speed, while latency accounts for delays in network transmissions.
Cellular connections include 3G (200 Kbps to 4 Mbps) and 4G (100 Mbps to 1 Gbps) technologies.
Satellite connections, used in remote locations, offer speeds of up to 15 Mbps.
Telephone line connections, such as ADSL, provide speeds of 640 Kbps upstream and up to 24 Mbps downstream.
Cable line connections can reach speeds of up to 160 Mbps, depending on the cable type.
Dedicated fiber optic lines offer speeds of up to 43 Tbps.
Ethernet is a common LAN connection using twisted pair cabling, with Fast Ethernet at 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet at 1 Gbps.
Wi-Fi, based on IEEE 802.11 standards, offers speeds of up to 600 Mbps for 802.11n and uses frequencies at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
Networking hardware includes hubs that transmit data to all attached devices, switches that transmit data only to the intended device, bridges that manage traffic between segments of a network, routers that manage traffic between networks, and access points that allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network.
Network topologies include star, bus, and hybrid (star-bus), with most networks using a star-bus topology.
Each topology has its own unique arrangement of network elements and devices.

DHCP Address Assignment Process

DHCP is a client/server protocol for IP address assignment.
The process involves a four-packet sequence: DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST, and DHCPACK.
DHCPDISCOVER is a broadcast packet requesting an IP address from an available DHCP server.
DHCPOFFER is a response from the DHCP server offering an IP address and subnet mask.
DHCPREQUEST is the client's response to accept the offered address.
DHCPACK is the acknowledgment from the DHCP server, completing the transaction.
The lease renewal process involves a DHCPREQUEST when the lease is 50% expired and a DHCPACK from the server.
Common situations for lease renewal failure include server inability to honor renewal and lack of server response.
IPv6 provides automatic address assignment without DHCP, but DHCPv6 can still be used for address assignment and management.
IPv6 addresses consist of a network ID (prefix) and an interface ID.
IPv6 network ID can be assigned through stateless or stateful autoconfiguration or DHCPv6.
IPv6 interface ID can be assigned using the MAC address, randomly generated permanent or temporary identifiers, DHCPv6, or manual entry.

Linux System Administration

Zcat and zmore commands are used to view the contents of a compressed file.
Gzip -d or gunzip commands are used to decompress files.
Bzip2 command cannot compress a directory full of files and has a lower compression ratio than gzip.
The compress command is an old compression utility with a lower compression ratio than gzip, not typically installed by default.
The tar command, also known as Tape Archive, is used for backups and can create, extract, and compress archives.
Cpio is similar to tar but supports long filenames and device files for backup and restore.
The dump and restore commands can be used for full and incremental backups, not typically installed by default.
Remote administration methods for Linux servers include telnet, SSH, and VNC.
Telnet is no longer installed by default on most Linux distributions and does not encrypt communications.
SSH is a secure replacement for telnet and allows for GUI; it is installed by default on most Linux distributions.
VNC is a graphical option for remote Linux system administration and uses a platform-independent protocol called Remote FrameBuffer (RFB).
CUPS (Common Unix Printing System) is a common printing system used on Linux computers, while LPD (Line Printer Daemon) is an older printing system. Print jobs are sent to a printer using the lp command, and the CUPS daemon manages the print queue and printer configuration.

Test your knowledge of system performance monitoring in Windows and Linux with this quiz. Explore tools like Windows Task Manager and Linux system monitor, and learn about commands like ps and kill in Linux.

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