SYSC 2006: Foundations of Imperative Programming - Lecture 2
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Which of the following correctly describes a fundamental concept of imperative programming languages?

  • They are based on the logic of functional programming.
  • They avoid the use of variables.
  • They use statements to change a program's state. (correct)
  • They rely solely on graphical representations.

    • Which basic data type in C is primarily used to store single characters?

  • int
  • bool
  • float
  • char (correct)

    • What is the difference between static and dynamic typing in programming languages?

  • Dynamic typing checks types at compile time.
  • Static typing is exclusive to high-level languages.
  • Dynamic typing limits the number of data types.
  • Static typing does not allow variable types to change. (correct)

    • In C, what is the result of the expression $5 + 3 * 2$ given the precedence of operators?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about basic data types in C is incorrect?

    <p>The 'float' data type is used for double precision floating-point numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size range for a signed integer in C?

    <p>−2147483648 to 2147483647</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What data type qualifier specifies that integer values can only be positive or zero?

    <p>unsigned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following data type declarations are equivalent in C?

    <p>signed int</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When operands of different types are used with a binary operator, what typically occurs?

    <p>The narrower operand is converted to the wider type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of a short integer in C?

    <p>16 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one operand is a float and the other is an integer in an expression, what happens?

    <p>Both operands are converted to float.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes a variable assignment with type conversions?

    <p>The expression is evaluated and converted to type T of the variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the treatment of unsigned operands in expressions?

    <p>It is best to consult a reference manual for specifics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the _Bool data type in C?

    <p>To represent boolean values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a basic data type in programming languages?

    <p>The operations that can be performed on it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the maximum value that can be stored in an unsigned int?

    <p>$2^{32} - 1$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data type in C is primarily used for representing floating-point numbers?

    <p>float</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing an operation with operands of differing types, which operand is prioritized for conversion?

    <p>The narrower operand is converted to the wider operand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of a long long int in C at minimum?

    <p>64 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the static typing of variables differ from dynamic typing?

    <p>Static typing requires type definition at compile time, dynamic does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the assignment statement var = expr handle type conversions?

    <p>The value from expr is converted to the type of var before assignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of operator precedence in programming expressions?

    <p>It establishes the order in which operations are performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the conversion of char and short types in an operation?

    <p>Both are converted to int</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a basic data type in C?

    <p>str</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the signed keyword imply when used with data types in C?

    <p>The variable can hold both negative and positive values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of the data type qualifiers in C?

    <p>Short data types can be less than 16 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    SYSC 2006: Foundations of Imperative Programming - Lecture 2

    • Previous Lecture Summary:

      • Defined programming and programs
      • Differentiated between programming paradigms and named languages in those paradigms
      • Understood fundamentals of imperative programming languages
      • Familiarized with basic C syntax and variables
      • Wrote basic programs in C

    • Lecture 2 Objectives:

      • Become familiar with C syntax and variables
      • Understand and properly utilize basic C data types
      • Differentiate between static and dynamic typing in programming languages
      • Employ C operators to write expressions and programs
      • Grasp how operator precedence affects expression execution

    • Types and Variables in C:

    • Data Types:

      • Data types are particular data items defined by their values, the programming language used, and the operations performed.
      • Basic data types are fundamental building blocks provided by a programming language

    • Basic Data Types in Python:

      • Numeric types:
        • int: unlimited precision signed integers
        • float: floating-point numbers
        • complex: real and imaginary parts are floating point numbers
      • bool: boolean, a subtype of integers
      • str: immutable character strings

    • Basic Data Types in C:

      • char: character (typically an 8-bit byte)

      • int: signed integer

      • float: single-precision floating-point number

      • double: double-precision floating-point number

      • _Bool: Boolean (introduced in C99)

      • _Complex: complex number (introduced in C99)

      • Strings are implemented as arrays of characters

      • Data Type Qualifiers in C (signed):

        • int: signed integers with typical 32-bit size, ranging from -231 to 231 - 1

      • Data Type Qualifiers in C (unsigned):

        • unsigned int: positive or zero integers with typical 32-bit size, ranging from 0 to 232 - 1

      • Data Type Qualifiers in C (short, long):

        • short int: at least 16 bits long
        • int: at least 16 bits long (although 32 bits is common)
        • long int: at least 32 bits long
        • long long int: at least 64 bits long
        • size short int <= size int <= size long int <= size long long int

      • C Data Type Qualifiers (Short, Long, Unsigned):

        • Combinations of short, long, long long with signed or unsigned are valid.

    • Variable Overflow:

      • Entering a value outside the variable's range causes overflow.
      • This happens without an error message or warning.
      • Value wraps around rather than a failure occurring

    • Data Type Qualifiers in C (float & double):

      • signed, unsigned, and short cannot used with float or double
      • long can also be used with double
      • long double is at least as precise as double.
      • Depending on the compiler long double can be an extended precision type
        • long cannot be used with float

    • Literal Values (Constants):

      • int: 42, -1234

      • double: 1.2, -7.2, 2e-3, 5e+7, 7.3e+4

      • float: 1.2f, -7.2f

      • char: x, 1, $ (not a string, a single character)

      • string: "x", "hello"

    • Python variables differ from C variables Python variables are reference based, while C variables directly store the value

    • Remarks on C Variables:

      • Variables can be initialized at declaration. 
      • C variables are never empty.
      • Uninitialized variables hold unknown values.

    • Static vs. Dynamic Typing:

      • Python:

        • Variables can change types during their lifetime.
        • Dynamic type checking occurs at runtime.
        • Example: Trying to add a string to a number. (TypeError)

      • C:

        • Variables have fixed types that remain constant throughout their lifetime.
        • Static type checking occurs during compilation.
          • Example of static type error; adding a string to a number will result in a compilation error

    • Operators in C:

      • Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %. / for integers yields an integer, but differs in Python3. % for floats not supported
      • Precedence: Operators have specific order when evaluated. Parentheses can be used to control precedence

    • Assignment operators: op= where op is one of +, -, *, /, %, or bitwise operations. expr1 op= expr2 is shorthand for expr1 = expr1 op expr2

    • Relational Operators:

      • ==, >=, <=, > < and != Comparisons, equality operators have precedence over relational operators

    • Logical operators:

      • ! (not), && (and), || (or) have higher precedence over arithmetic operators
      • && has precedence over ||  

    • Other Operators and C Elements:

      • Character escape sequences, enumeration constants, const qualifier, casts.

    • Expressions:

      • Descriptions of computations that evaluate to values.
      • They consist of operands and operators.
      • Operands evaluate to values which are literal values, variables, function calls and expressions
      • Avoid unnecessary brackets for clarity in expressions

    • Expressions and Type Conversion:

      • Operands with different types are converted to common type before evaluation.
      • Type conversion rules exist which include, but aren't limited to, converting char, short and possible long to an int

    • Assignment and Type Conversions:

      • Conversion of values occurs when an expression assigned to a variable of a different type; expression evaluated and the obtained value is then assigned

    • Functions and Type Conversions:

      • Functions (e.g., pow) perform type conversions on parameter values

    • Recap of Learning Outcomes:

      • Understanding of C syntax and variables.
      • Use of basic C data types.
      • Static and dynamic typing differences.
      • Using C operators to write expressions.
      • Understanding of precedence in expressions

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from Lecture 2 of SYSC 2006, focusing on C syntax, data types, and variable management. You will test your understanding of static versus dynamic typing and how operator precedence impacts programming expressions. Prepare to apply basic C operators in your programming tasks.

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