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Questions and Answers
What is the primary family classification of Captan?
What is the primary family classification of Captan?
Which process is involved in the metabolism of Captan?
Which process is involved in the metabolism of Captan?
Why was Captan initially classified as a probable human carcinogen?
Why was Captan initially classified as a probable human carcinogen?
What major change did the EPA make to Captan's classification in 2004?
What major change did the EPA make to Captan's classification in 2004?
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What toxic species does Captan degrade into in aqueous solutions?
What toxic species does Captan degrade into in aqueous solutions?
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What are the biomarkers used for detecting Captan exposure in urine?
What are the biomarkers used for detecting Captan exposure in urine?
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What is the primary function of DEET?
What is the primary function of DEET?
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How does Captan's ability to enter groundwater pose a risk?
How does Captan's ability to enter groundwater pose a risk?
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What is the purpose of Maximum Residue Limits (MRL)?
What is the purpose of Maximum Residue Limits (MRL)?
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Who is responsible for monitoring pesticide residues in the Canadian food supply?
Who is responsible for monitoring pesticide residues in the Canadian food supply?
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Which type of individuals is considered a common victim of synthetic pesticide toxicity?
Which type of individuals is considered a common victim of synthetic pesticide toxicity?
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What consequence can occur if pesticides are not properly monitored in the food supply?
What consequence can occur if pesticides are not properly monitored in the food supply?
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What is a key feature of synthetic pesticides used in agriculture?
What is a key feature of synthetic pesticides used in agriculture?
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What does it mean if pesticide residues are found several hundred times lower than harmful levels in test animals?
What does it mean if pesticide residues are found several hundred times lower than harmful levels in test animals?
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What should consumers look for to verify that a food product is organic in Canada?
What should consumers look for to verify that a food product is organic in Canada?
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What is the primary concern regarding pesticide residues in the food supply?
What is the primary concern regarding pesticide residues in the food supply?
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What is the primary mechanism by which organochlorines like DDT affect neuronal function?
What is the primary mechanism by which organochlorines like DDT affect neuronal function?
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Which pesticide type is noted for being a likely human carcinogen according to the Environmental Protection Agency?
Which pesticide type is noted for being a likely human carcinogen according to the Environmental Protection Agency?
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Which of the following characteristics is true for carbamates and organophosphates?
Which of the following characteristics is true for carbamates and organophosphates?
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What is a significant environmental concern associated with the use of DDT?
What is a significant environmental concern associated with the use of DDT?
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What is a notable feature of synthetic insecticides discussed?
What is a notable feature of synthetic insecticides discussed?
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Which synthetic pesticide type is known to be metabolized by CYP2B and CYP3A enzymes?
Which synthetic pesticide type is known to be metabolized by CYP2B and CYP3A enzymes?
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Which natural pesticide type is mentioned as a component of the pest management discussion?
Which natural pesticide type is mentioned as a component of the pest management discussion?
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What is a common effect of the pesticide class that includes carbamates?
What is a common effect of the pesticide class that includes carbamates?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of pyrethroid insecticides?
What is the primary mechanism of action of pyrethroid insecticides?
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Which herbicide is commonly used in Canada for weed management?
Which herbicide is commonly used in Canada for weed management?
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What pathway is inhibited by glyphosate in plants?
What pathway is inhibited by glyphosate in plants?
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Which of the following statements about glyphosate is true?
Which of the following statements about glyphosate is true?
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Which of the following compounds is suggested to have a potential link to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which of the following compounds is suggested to have a potential link to Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is a possible effect of prolonged exposure to glyphosate in rodents?
What is a possible effect of prolonged exposure to glyphosate in rodents?
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What effect does glyphosate have on the microbiome?
What effect does glyphosate have on the microbiome?
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What by-product can Pseudomonas species produce when breaking down glyphosate?
What by-product can Pseudomonas species produce when breaking down glyphosate?
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Study Notes
Synthetic Pesticides
- Synthetic pesticides are directly applied to crops
- Pesticides can accumulate in the food supply
- Contaminants in the food supply are monitored
- Pesticide residues can be found in produce, meat, fish, and dairy
- Health Canada approves and assesses all used pesticides
- Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) are set, well below harmful levels
- Monitoring of MRLs is conducted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Pesticide Types
-
Synthetic Pesticides:
- Insecticides
- Herbicides
- Fungicides
-
Natural Pesticides:
- Nicotine
- Glucosinolates
- Cyanogens
- Glycoalkaloids
- Protease inhibitors
Organic Food Production
- Emphasis on resource recycling and soil/water conservation
- No synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or growth hormone use
- Organic standards established by the Canadian National Standards Board
- Organic foods undergo certification processes
Pesticide Toxicity
- Common victims include agricultural & pesticide industry employees, children
- Suicides are a significant fraction of pesticide-related victims
- Pesticide exposures in the general public are different than those in studies
- Canadian pesticides are evaluated and approved by Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA)
Pesticide Metabolism
-
Organochlorines:
- DDT: Metabolized by CYP6A2, sodium channel blocker, bioaccumulate, estrogenic
- Aldrin, Dieldrin, Chlordane: Metabolized by CYP2B and CYP3A, chloride channel blockers
-
Carbamates and Organophosphates:
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, hyperactive cholinergic synapses; toxicity to marine life
-
Pyrethroids:
- From Chrysanthemum flowers, CYP 9 enzymes, inhibit sodium and potassium channels
-
Herbicides:
- Phenoxy compounds (e.g., 2,4-D) are selectively toxic to broadleaf plants
- Glyphosate: inhibits EPSP synthase, pathway in plants but not in humans
-
Fungicides:
- (e.g., Captan): part of the phthalimide family; induces the expression of CYP1A1/1A2 and CYP3A1/3A2; causes intestinal tumors in mice
-
Other:
- DEET: common insect repellent, metabolized by multiple CYP enzymes
Glyphosate
- Readily absorbed, 66% lost in feces
- Excreted in urine as the parent compound
- Minimal topical absorption
- No significant tissue accumulation - Found in 0.6% of Canadian retail food samples, low risk
Captan
- Part of the phthalimide family of fungicides
- Induces CYP1A1/1A2 and CYP3A1/3A2 expression
- Reduces mycotoxin contamination
- Easily penetrates soil and water
- Considered a "probable human carcinogen" but EPA reclassified it as "not likely a carcinogen"
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Description
This quiz explores the impacts of synthetic pesticides on food supply, including their types and the use of maximum residue limits. It also covers organic food production practices and the standards established for certification. Test your knowledge on pesticide toxicity and regulations in Canada!
