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Questions and Answers
How does a phoretic relationship differ from mutualism in terms of benefits to the involved organisms?
How does a phoretic relationship differ from mutualism in terms of benefits to the involved organisms?
- In a phoretic relationship, one organism benefits from protection, while mutualism involves shared resources.
- In a phoretic relationship, one organism benefits through feeding, while mutualism occurs when there is no benefit, but no harm between the organisms.
- In a phoretic relationship, only one organism benefits by being carried, while in mutualism, both organisms benefit from the association. (correct)
- In a phoretic relationship, only one organism benefits from being transported, while in mutualism, both organisms receive a nutritional benefit.
Considering the relationships described, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies commensalism?
Considering the relationships described, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies commensalism?
- A tick feeds on a dog, causing irritation and potentially transmitting disease.
- A tapeworm lives in the intestines of a human, absorbing nutrients and causing malnutrition.
- A barnacle attaches to a whale, gaining a habitat while neither helping nor harming the whale. (correct)
- Bees pollinate flowers, gathering nectar for food and aiding plant reproduction.
Given that parasitism is metabolically expensive for the host, which outcome is LEAST likely to occur in a long-term parasitic infection?
Given that parasitism is metabolically expensive for the host, which outcome is LEAST likely to occur in a long-term parasitic infection?
- Reduced resistance to infection.
- Increased susceptibility to secondary infections due to malnutrition.
- Enhanced immune response and overall improved health of the host. (correct)
- Direct tissue damage and organ dysfunction caused by the parasite.
If a new disease is identified that causes rapid onset of symptoms followed by quick resolution without long-term effects, how would it be classified?
If a new disease is identified that causes rapid onset of symptoms followed by quick resolution without long-term effects, how would it be classified?
In the context of disease ecology, what distinguishes epizootiology from the study of individual animal infections?
In the context of disease ecology, what distinguishes epizootiology from the study of individual animal infections?
How does an infestation differ fundamentally from an infection in terms of the location of the parasitic activity?
How does an infestation differ fundamentally from an infection in terms of the location of the parasitic activity?
If a community experiences a sudden outbreak of influenza, how would this be classified based on the characteristics of the disease?
If a community experiences a sudden outbreak of influenza, how would this be classified based on the characteristics of the disease?
What is the primary reason that soil polluted with human excrement is a significant source of Ascaris lumbricoides infections?
What is the primary reason that soil polluted with human excrement is a significant source of Ascaris lumbricoides infections?
Considering the mechanisms of disease transmission, if a patient is diagnosed with a disease transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, which set of pathogens could be responsible?
Considering the mechanisms of disease transmission, if a patient is diagnosed with a disease transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, which set of pathogens could be responsible?
Given that health encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being, which intervention would most holistically address a public health crisis?
Given that health encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being, which intervention would most holistically address a public health crisis?
Flashcards
Mutualism
Mutualism
An interaction where both organisms benefit.
Commensalism
Commensalism
One organism benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.
Parasitism
Parasitism
One organism benefits at the expense of the other; most complex.
Symbiosis
Symbiosis
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Epizootiology
Epizootiology
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Infection
Infection
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Infestation
Infestation
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Pathogens
Pathogens
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Acute Disease
Acute Disease
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Chronic Disease
Chronic Disease
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Study Notes
- There are four symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and competition.
- Parasitism is the most complex of symbiotic associations.
Types of Associations
- Homo-specific associations involve members of the same species, such as herds, colonies, and flocks.
- Hetero-specific associations involve members of different species.
- Symbiosis is a hetero-specific association where animals live together.
- Symbiosis does not involve mutual or unilateral benefit.
Symbology and Relationships
- Symbology is the study of symbiosis.
- In a phoretic relationship, the parent benefits by being carried on the body of the host.
- There is no metabolic dependence between two symbionts.
Commensalism and Parasitism
- In commensalism, the smaller organism (the commensal) benefits from the host.
- Parasitism involves a symbiont (the parasite) that is metabolically dependent on the larger host.
- Parasites have an intrinsic ability to harm or injure their host.
Mutualism
- Mutualism is an association where both symbionts (mutualists) benefit from the association.
Effects of Parasitism and Disease
- Parasitism contributes directly to malnutrition, reducing resistance to infection.
- Epizootiology studies the frequency of disease in animal communities.
- Infection is when endo-parasites invade a host and cause disease.
- Infestation is the invasion of the body surface by ecto-parasites.
Disease Sources and Transmission
- Soil polluted with human excrement can spread Ascaros lubricoides infections.
- Blood-sucking arthropods transmit malaria parasites, leishmanias, trypanosomes, filarial worms, viruses, rickettsias, bacteria, and spirochetes.
- Dogs can directly transmit hydrated cysts of echinococcusgranulosus to humans.
- Herbivorous animals can transmit Trichostrongylus spp. to humans.
Roundworms and Tapeworms
- Roundworms are Ascaris lumbricoides.
- Dwarf tapeworms are Hymenolepis nana.
Health and Hygiene
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
- Good hygiene reduces the likelihood of infection.
- Disease is a disorder or malfunction of the mind or body.
Types of Diseases
- Acute diseases have a sudden and rapid onset, with symptoms disappearing quickly (e.g., influenza).
- Chronic diseases are long-term (e.g., tuberculosis).
- Categorical diseases, such as physical diseases, result from permanent or temporary damage to the body.
Pathogens and Diseases
- Organisms that cause disease inside the human body are pathogens.
- Bacteria and viruses are well-known pathogens.
- Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness.
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