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• Justice means treating everyone fairly by distributing resources and opportunities equitably based on needs, rights, or contributions.

Contrasting Terminologies

• Formal justice consistently applies rules and laws without bias.

• Material justice focuses on fair outcomes based on specific needs, effort, or merit.

• Equality is a method where everyone receives the same amount of resources.

• Needs-based distribution allocates resources based on individual needs.

• Merit-based distribution allocates resources based on effort, achievement, or contribution.

• Market-based distribution provides resources to those who can afford them.

• Lottery distributes resources randomly.

• First-come, first-served allocates resources to those who claim them first.

• Authority-based distribution occurs when a person or group decides how resources are allocated.

• The context dictates the distribution method depending on what is considered fair.

• The Fair Opportunity Rule ensures equal access to resources/opportunities regardless of race, gender, or socioeconomic background.

• The Fair Opportunity Rule aims to level the playing field, ensuring personal effort determines outcomes.

Contrasting Terminologies

• Macro-allocation involves deciding how to divide big resources like hospital budgets across groups or systems.
• Micro-allocation involves deciding how to allocate limited resources like a single ICU bed to individual patients.
• A two-tier healthcare system offers basic services to all, with extra services available for those who can pay.
• Lifeboat ethics involves deciding who gets limited resources in life-or-death situations.
• Triage prioritizes patients based on the urgency of their care needs.
• Medical utility prioritizes resources to patients who will benefit the most from treatment.
• Social utility prioritizes resources for individuals who are important to society.
• First come, first served allocates resources based on arrival, regardless of need.
• Egalitarianism focuses on equality by ensuring everyone has equal resources and opportunities.
• Key idea of egalitarianism is fairness through equality.
• Utilitarianism focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number of people through resource allocation.
• Key idea of utilitarianism is maximizing happiness or well-being through resource allocation.
• Libertarianism focuses on individual freedom and responsibility by allocating resources based on personal choices.
• Key idea of libertarianism is fairness through freedom.

Healthcare Models

• The Beveridge Model is funded by taxes, with hospitals and doctors often government-run.

• The Beveridge Model examples include the UK, Spain, and New Zealand.

• The Beveridge Model promotes healthcare as a public service, free at the point of access.

• The Bismarck Model is funded through shared insurance between employers and employees.

• The Bismarck Model features mostly private hospitals and doctors.

• The Bismarck Model examples include Germany, Japan, and France.

• The Bismarck Model regulates insurance-based healthcare.

• The National Health Insurance (NHI) Model is funded by taxes, but providers can be private.

• The NHI Model combines public and private providers with a single government-run insurer.

• The NHI Model examples include Canada and Taiwan.

• The NHI Model provides universal coverage with a single-payer system.

• The Out-of-Pocket Model is funded by direct payments for healthcare services.

• The Out-of-Pocket Model features mostly private providers with little government involvement.

• The Out-of-Pocket Model examples include developing countries without universal healthcare.

• The Out-of-Pocket Model works on a pay-as-you-go basis.

• The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) increases access to affordable health insurance in the U.S.

• The ACA stops insurance companies from denying coverage for pre-existing conditions.

• The ACA allows young adults to stay on their parents' insurance until age 26.

• The ACA offers financial assistance to make insurance more affordable.

• The ACA expands Medicaid for low-income individuals (in some states).

• The ACA mandates coverage of basic health services, like doctor visits and prescriptions.

• A Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct guides behavior in a profession.

• Ethics focus on moral correctness (honesty, fairness).

• Professional conduct covers workplace behavior (respect, accountability).

• Professionals follow the code of ethics to make good decisions and maintain trust.

• Disparagement of professional colleagues includes unfairly speaking badly about coworkers, damaging their reputation.

• Disparagement creates conflict, harms teamwork, and can hurt careers.

• Focus on constructive feedback instead of negative criticism to create professional workplace relationships.

Contrasting Terminologies

• Joint-Venturing involves businesses or individuals working together, sharing resources and profits.

• Self-Referral involves providers referring patients to their own services, creating potential conflicts of interest.

• Sexual Relations refers to romantic or sexual interactions which are often discouraged or prohibited in healthcare due to power imbalance.

• Role Fidelity involves staying true to professional responsibilities and expectations honestly and competently.

• Nurse-Patient Relationship Models encourage trust, compassion, and clear communication with maintained boundaries.

• Impaired colleagues cannot perform duties due to physical/mental health, substance abuse, or other conditions.

• Recognizing and reporting signs of impairment protects both the individual and patients in healthcare.

Healthcare in a Multicultural Society

• Healthcare provision respects diverse backgrounds.

• Cultural sensitivity involves understanding cultural practices, beliefs, and values.

• Language support includes offering translators to ensure effective communication.

• Inclusive practices ensure accessibility for all backgrounds.

• Professionals should avoid bias through individualized care that respects diversity.

• Healthcare workers should receive ongoing training to maintain cultural competence for best practice.

• Overall, healthcare should focus on equality, respect, and tailored individual-centered care.

• The ANA (American Nurses Association) Committee on Ethics guides nurses in ethical decision-making.

• The ANA provides advice on treating patients with respect, handling conflicts of interest, and following standards.

• An Institutional Ethics Committee helps make ethical decisions in healthcare organizations.

• The ethics committe guides staff on navigating disagreements about patient treatment while respecting rights.

• Reproductive issues covered by ethics include abortion and contraception.

  • Fertility treatments and surrogacy must be covered by ethics.
  • Prenatal and postnatal genetic testing and screening must be covered by ethics.
  • Reproductive rights and eugenics must be covered by ethics.
  • Debates about pregnancy, maternal rights, sex selection, and age and reproduction frequently occur.

• Roe v. Wade (1973) established abortion as a constitutional right, changing U.S. law.

• The Court ruled the Fourteenth Amendment protects a "right to privacy," extending to abortion decisions.

• The "right to privacy" must be balanced against state interests in regulating abortions and protecting potential life.

The Trimester Framework

• First Trimester: The state has minimal interest, and the decision to abort is left to the pregnant individual.

• Second Trimester: The state regulates abortion procedures only to protect the individual's health.

• Third Trimester: After viability (28th week), the state can prohibit abortions except when necessary to protect the woman's life.

• The Court rejected that a fetus is a "person", interpreting "person" to apply postnatally but not prenatally/ while in utero.

• This decision reshaped discourse on reproductive rights, privacy, and state power by leaving lasting impacts on law, policies, and society today.

• Danforth v. Planned Parenthood (1976) addressed third-party consent and state regulation.

• The Court struck down spousal consent, ruling a husband's interest does not outweigh the individual's body autonomy.

• The Court ruled that spousal consent gives husbands veto power, violating Roe v. Wade.

• Parental consent laws cannot grant parents absolute veto power over a minor's abortion decision.

• Physician responsibilities includes some provisions requiring doctors to maintain records and obtain informed consent. Physician requirements cannot unduly burden abortion access.

• The Court struck down bans on saline amniocentesis, stating states cannot prohibit specific abortion methods unless they endanger the person's health.

• The Hyde Amendment prohibits federal funds for abortions, except in specific circumstances, impacting Medicaid.

• The Hyde Amendment originally banned federal Medicaid funding for abortions except when the pregnant individuals's life was at risk (1976).

• Exceptions for pregnancies resulting from for rape and incest were officially included in 1993.

• The Hyde Amendment now permits federal funding for abortions only in cases of life endangerment or pregnancies resulting from rape or incest.

• It has shaped the abortion debate for decades, symbolizing the conflict between pro-life and pro-choice advocates.

• Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) upheld Missouri laws restricting abortion access, shifting the interpretation of Roe v. Wade (1973).

• The Court upheld the Missouri law in a 5-4 decision, marking a departure from abortion right protections.

• The Court upheld the preamble but clarified it was not enforceable, but it did allow Missouri its policy preference for protecting fetal life

• The Court upheld Missouri's ban on using public funds/facilities for abortions, unless it was to save the life of the pregnant individual.

• The Court upheld viability tests at 20 weeks, finding it did not impose an undue burden on an abortion decision.

• Webster increased state flexibility in regulating abortion and weakened the framework established by Roe v. Wade.

Moral Issues Related to Abortion

• Personhood addresses when a human being is considered a "person" with rights.

• Sanctity of Life indicates that human life is precious and should be protected from conception to death.

• Quality of Life addresses whether life is worth living based on health, happiness, and function.

• Autonomy indicates the right of individuals to make choices about their bodies without coercion.

• Mercy shows compassion and kindness in situations involving suffering.

• Freedom includes the right to make decisions about one's life without excessive restrictions.

• Social Stability indicates maintaining a peaceful society through common morals and values.

• Pro-life advocates that life begins at conception, that abortion is morally wrong and supports protecting an unborn child's right to life.

• Pro-choice advocates that women should have the right to choose to have an abortion, including the right to make decisions about their own bodies.

• The pro-life movement focuses on the rights of the unborn child, and the pro-choice movement focuses on the rights of the woman to decide.

• The sanctity of life argument indicates that all human life is valuable and should therefore be protected.

• Fetal development (Conception through Week 20):

• Conception: A sperm reaching/fertilizing an egg creates a single-celled zygote

• Week 1-2; the zygote begins to divide and travels to the uterus

• Week 3-4: The cells develop into an embryo, and the heart begins to form

• Week 5-6: The embryo begins developing a basic structure as the heart starts to form.

• Week 7-8: The arm, legs and facial features of the baby begin to appear

• Week 9-12: The baby is now called a fetus, organs start to work.

• Week 13-16: The baby's bones and muscles are developing, it can move and might be able to hear. - Week 17-20: The mother can notice movements, the skin and hair of the baby starts to form

• Week's 21-40:

• Week 21-24: The baby starts hearing and the babies lungs start developing.

• Week 25-28: The baby gains more weight, the brain develops quickly.

• Week 29-32: Eyes open, the baby develops more fat.

• Week 33-36: The baby grows stronger to be ready for birth.

• Week 37-40: the baby is ready to be born.

• Killing in self-defense indicates using force to protect oneself from an immediate threat/danger.

When is Killing in Self-Defense Justified?

• Imminent Threat: The person must face real/immediate danger.

• Proportional Response: The danger should only exceed to what is enough to stop the threat.

• No Other Choice: Self defense can only be justified if all other escapes/ways to escape or avoid harm aren't avoidable.

• Viability in abortion involves when the fetus survives with 24 weeks of independence from needing a mother's assistance

• Before Viability: a mother can decide to undergo abortion for the fetus cannot develop to survive without assistance from a mother

• Analogy Experiment: Use familiar situations (e.g; fairness of rules to a game) to understand new concepts better

• Violinist Analogy: Staying attached to a famous violinist needing bodily assistance for 9-months?

• Rapidly growing child: the child grows inside an environment that keeps growing - is it right to kick them out?

• Carpet See children: space that's occupied needs to be shared fairly and evenly for those who don't have it

• Surrogacy provides a baby with a womb while vitro fertilization provides a baby with sperm

• Surrogates offer an alternative birth route, a mother can carry and give birth to the baby whom isn't hers.

• Vitro fertilization creates a sperm and egg and the resulting embryo is implemented into the uterus.

• Pro-life activists believe that life begins at the moment of conception, a pro-choice activist believes it is the woman's choice to proceed.

• Pro-life activists want abortion banned because those who don't have a voice, every life has intrinsic value

• Pro-choice activists want to protect their access to safe abortions, women have their own choice on whether to proceed or end the preganancy

• Biological Life (Physical Existence) relates to basic physiological functions such as heartbeat, breathing, metabolism, and reflexes.

• Biological Life can be exemplified in a person in a persistive vegetative state who depends on higher brain function.

• Biographical Life (Personal Identity and Experiences) covers personal memories, personality, and consciousness such as higher brain function.

• Biological Life can be affected in individuals such as advanced dementia because they've lost memory or acknowledgement of a memory after Alzheimer's

Key Differences

• Biological Life refers to survival function while Biographical Life refers to one's consciousness, emotions, thinking and awareness.

• Brain death, vegetative state indicate examples of an ethical end-of-life situation, the implication should be that a person should only remain in only one state of biological existence.

• Ethical implications such as whether an individual should be kept alive and whether one can decide biographical life.

• Brain death is when all functions (irreversible loss) of the brain is impossible, legally labelled as dead

• Brain dead patients are not responsive to light, pain, or sound and unable to breath without machines

• Brain death can be confirmed by using neuro exams, assessing brainstem reflexes with absence of circulation.

• vegetative state is when a person's cognitive skills are diminished or nonexistent can be from brain injury

• Karen Ann Quinlan was put on life support (ventilator) and the parents wanted it removed

• The supreme court ruled that it can be removed from a ventilator because as guardians they have a right to refuse extraordinary treatment

• After being removed, she still lived nine more years Ordinary vs. Extraordinary Treatments indicate that ventilators aren't needed for basic care in some cases unless it's for prolonged life without any recovery.

• An ordinary treatment like comfort and aid like the Schiavo case can shape modern conversations for medical and ethical issues

• A cancer patient struggles with and ordinary antibiotic/oxygen treatment can become less effective.

• Extraordinary procedures such as experimental surgery can still be considered harmful with little success

• Burden can indicate ethical implication for whether there's effectiveness between both treatments with each being required

End of Term

• An Advanced directive are legal documents and specifications of how a persons care should maintain especially if they feel that they cannot continue.
• The person can specify to what extant they can take care of themselves in a directive.
• advanced directives are knowns as living wills or healthcare proxies that allow the hospital to proceed under their wishes if they cant handle it
• Nancy Cruzan, had a directive that had led to her death after a car accident that restricted support
• Elizabeth bouvia, had chronic pain and cerebral palsy, she was legally competent to refuse medical interventions.
• All cases upheld except for the one that didn't have a directive issued, which is important for a person's rights.