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What key framework did Calvin establish to enforce moral discipline in Geneva?
Which of the following activities was strictly forbidden in Calvinist Geneva?
What was the primary goal of Calvin's regulations on citizens' personal lives?
What type of punishment could be inflicted for serious infractions in Calvinist Geneva?
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What was a consequence of Calvin's theology of predestination?
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What was the primary disagreement between Zwingli and Luther after their debates?
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How did Zwingli's reforms in Zürich differ from traditional practices?
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What characterized Anabaptist beliefs compared to other Protestant groups?
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What did the Melchiorites believe regarding the end times?
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Why were Anabaptists considered a threat by both Catholics and Lutherans?
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What was the significance of the Battle of Kappel for Zwingli's followers?
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Which practice was unique to Anabaptists in their approach to baptism?
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What role did Zwingli believe the state should play regarding the Reformed Church?
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What was one of John of Leiden's claims during his leadership?
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Which key concept distinguishes Calvin's beliefs from those of Martin Luther?
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What did Menno Simons emphasize in his leadership of the Mennonites?
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What was a consequence for John Calvin after his conversion to Protestantism?
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How did the community of Calvinists differ in their views on human nature compared to Lutherans?
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What was one of the practices that Calvinism and Lutheranism had in common?
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What major event occurred in 1535 involving the city led by John of Leiden?
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What motivated many Mennonites to emigrate to the New World?
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What was the main outcome of the public debate held in 1523 in Zürich?
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Which of the following groups originated from Switzerland and spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire?
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What belief regarding the Eucharist is often associated with transubstantiation?
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How did the Swiss Confederation differ from other regions under the Holy Roman Empire before 1499?
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Which aspect of Ulrich Zwingli's background greatly influenced his teachings?
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Why might Luther's ideas have led to further divisions within Protestantism?
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What significant religious concept emerged as a result of the Protestant Reformation initiated by Zwingli?
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Which Protestant group is primarily associated with England during the Reformation period?
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Study Notes
Swiss Confederation
- A loose association of 13 self-governing states called cantons
- Technically part of the Holy Roman Empire but became independent in 1499
- Most cantons were Catholic, but Protestantism started to rise
Ulrich Zwingli
- Strongly influenced by Christian Humanism during his college education.
- Became a priest in rural Switzerland in 1506.
- His preaching started the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland.
- In 1523, he won a public debate in the town hall in Zurich against Roman Catholic priests.
Luther vs Zwingli
- Zwingli used the structure of the state to supervise the Reformed Church
- Both men had similar views on what the Reformed Church should look like.
- Abolished relics and images, removing all paintings and decorations in churches.
- Replaced church decorations with whitewashed walls.
- Instituted a new liturgy, which consisted of Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons.
- Replaced weekly mass and music was also eliminated.
- Abolished monasticism, saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope’s authority
- Luther and Zwingli disagreed on the Lord’s Supper: Zwingli believed it was symbolic.
Zwingli's Decline
- War erupted between the Catholic and Protestant states in the Swiss Confederation in 1531.
- Zwingli was killed during the battle of Kappel.
Anabaptists
- Tried to return to early Christian Church practices.
- Believed in a strict sort of democracy where all Christians were equal.
- Each church chose its own minister from any member of the community and the Minister would lead simple services.
- Believed you had to suffer for your faith.
- The Lord’s Supper was only a symbolic act of remembrance.
- Believed in adult baptism because only adults could manifest true faith.
- Believed in extreme separation of church and state.
Melchiorites
- Believed in millenarianism: the end of the world was at hand.
- They would usher in the kingdom of God with Münster as the New Jerusalem.
- Münster had become a haven for radical Protestants.
- In February 1534, they took over the city.
- They burned all books except the Bible, killed Lutherans and Catholics, and claimed communal ownership of property.
- John of Leiden, their prophet, claimed himself King of the New Jerusalem and allowed polygamy.
- In 1535, a joint army of Catholics and Lutherans retook the city, tortured and executed the leaders.
Mennonites
- Founded by Menno Simons, who emphasized the separation from the world to emulate the life of Jesus.
- He imposed strict discipline and banned those who refused to conform to rules.
- Spread throughout the Netherlands, Northwestern Germany and eventually Poland and Lithuania.
- Many emigrated to the New World to seek religious tolerance.
John Calvin
- Second generation of Protestant Reformers.
- From France, Calvin received an education in humanist studies and law.
- He was influenced by Luther’s writings and had a conversion experience in 1533.
- After his conversion, Calvin was not safe in Paris due to persecution of Protestants by King Francis I.
- He published the first edition of his Protestant beliefs, The Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Calvin vs Luther
- Calvinists are Protestant and share many beliefs with Lutherans.
- Rejected the Pope as the head of Christianity
- Practiced justification by faith.
- Baptism and the Lord’s Supper as two sacraments.
- Calvin believed that all people were sinful by nature.
- Emphasis on absolute sovereignty of God.
- Supported the idea of predestination (“Eternal Decree”): people are chosen at birth for heaven or hell.
Calvin & Geneva
- In 1536, Geneva, Switzerland voted to adopt the Reformation.
- Calvin helped establish the church, but was briefly exiled for his radical views.
- Asked to return in 1540 when more radical Protestant officials were elected.
Calvinist Geneva
- Ecclesiastical Ordinances (1541): Calvin’s church constitution created a government that used clergy and laymen.
- Established a Consistory: a church council to enforce moral discipline and oversee moral life and doctrinal purity.
- The Consistory inspected homes to make sure no one was disobeying Calvinism.
- Forbade fighting, swearing, drinking, gambling, playing cards, and dancing.
- Punishments ranged from “fraternal corrections,” public penance, excommunication, and torture and execution for serious infractions.
Calvinism Spreads
- Calvin’s theology of predestination spread into France, England, and the Netherlands.
- In 1555, Geneva became home to exiled Protestants from France, England, and Scotland.
- Calvinist Geneva was the only place where Protestants could practice their faith freely.
- English Calvinists were called Puritans.
Long-Term Results
- Luther’s ideas resulted in a rapid increase in the number of Christian sects in Europe.
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Description
Explore the significant historical events and figures surrounding the Swiss Reformation, including the role of Ulrich Zwingli and his debates with Martin Luther. This quiz covers the formation of the Swiss Confederation, the rise of Protestantism, and the changes made to church practices. Test your knowledge on this pivotal moment in religious history!
