Divisions within Protestantism PDF

Divisions within Protestantism  AIM: WHY DID LUTHER’S BREAK FROM THE CHURCH CAUSE MORE DIVISION IN EUROPE?  Do Now: Review and Discuss! Let’s review some core Catholic Beliefs, which will help us better understand today’s lesson! 1. What is transubstantiation? HINT: It...

Divisions within Protestantism  AIM: WHY DID LUTHER’S BREAK FROM THE CHURCH CAUSE MORE DIVISION IN EUROPE?  Do Now: Review and Discuss! Let’s review some core Catholic Beliefs, which will help us better understand today’s lesson! 1. What is transubstantiation? HINT: It has something to do with the Eucharist, which is when the bread and wine are given out at a Catholic Mass and is the culmination of the mass. 2. Bonus Question: Why was this belief particularly controversial when Christianity was first established during the Roman Empire?  NEW RADICAL SECTS OF PROTESTANTISM 1. Zwinglian Reformation (Switzerland – Zürich) 2. Anabaptists (Started in Switzerland – Zürich but spread throughout the HRE) 3. Calvinists (Switzerland- Geneva) 4. Puritans (England) Swiss Confederation ❖Swiss Confederation was a loose association of 13 self-governing states called cantons ❖They were technically part of the HRE but they became virtually independent in 1499 ❖Most cantons were Catholic but Protestantism started to rise in  ULRICH ZWINGLI (1484-1531) ❖Strongly influenced by Christian Humanism during his college education ❖1506: became a priest in rural Switzerland ❖His preaching initiated the Protestant Reformation In Switzerland ❖1523: the city held a public debate in the town hall between Roman Catholic priests and Zwingli & Zwingli won the debate & securing the continued spread of his teachings  ACTIVITY 1! ❖Read and analyze the debate between Luther and Zwingli. Then answer the collective questions in your groups. ❖SUMMARIZE: How did the positions of Luther and Zwingli on the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper differ? ❖ANALYZE: Why do you think Luther’s ideas led to further division within Protestantism?  Luther vs Zwingli ❖After Zwingli won the debate in Zürich, the city council instituted evangelical reforms based on his ideas ❖Zwingli used the structure of the state to supervise the Reformed Church ❖Zwingli and Luther had very similar views on what the Reformed Church should look like Abolished relics and images, removed all paintings and decorations in churches and replaced them with whitewashed walls A new liturgy was instituted, which consisted of Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons – this replaced weekly mass and music was also eliminated Monasticism, saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope’s authority were all abolished  Luther vs Zwingli ❖The one thing the two didn’t agree on was… THE LORD’S SUPPER! ❖Zwingli believes that it is ONLY SYMBOLIC! ❖No agreement was reached → Reformation will result in a number of different sects developing because of individual interpretation.  Zwingli’s Decline ❖In 1531 war erupted between the Catholic and Protestant states in the Swiss Confederation ❖Zwingli led his Protestant forces into battle with a sword and a bible and was killed during the Battle of Kappel → Both Catholics and Protestants saw this as divine judgement against his beliefs Anabaptists  Discuss! 1. Based on the following slide on the beliefs of Anabaptists, why were Anabaptists considered a radical sects of the Protestant Reformation? 2. Why were Anabaptists considered a threat by both Catholics and Lutherans?  ANABAPTISTS ❖Tried to return to early Christian Church practices → Believed in a strict sort of democracy where all Christians were equal ❖Each church chose its own minister from any member of the community (except women) & the Minister would lead simple services ❖Believe you had to suffer for your faith ❖Lord’s Supper was  ANABAPTISTS ❖Believed in adult baptism because only adults could manifest true faith and be worthy of baptism ❖Believed in extreme separation of church and state → But it was more about protection of the church from the state. ○ Anabaptists did not hold political offices or bear arms,  MELCHIORITES ❖Believed in millenarianism: believed the end of the world was at hand and they would usher in the kingdom of God with Münster as the New Jerusalem ❖Münster had become a haven for radical Protestants because of severe economic disasters, crop failure, and plague ❖Feb. 1534: They has taken over the city! ❖They burned all books except the Bible, killed Lutherans & Catholics, claimed communal ownership property ❖John of Leiden, their prophet, claimed himself King of the New Jerusalem and allowed polygamy ❖In 1535 a joint army of Catholics and Lutherans retook the city. They tortured and executed the leaders and placed their  MENNONITES ❖Menno Simons, their leader, emphasized the separation from the world in order to truly emulate the life of Jesus ❖He imposed strict discipline and banned those who refused to conform to the rules ❖Spread throughout the Netherlands, Northwestern Germany and eventually Poland and Lithuania ❖Many of them emigrated to the New World to seek religious tolerance Calvinism  JOHN CALVIN ❖The second generation of Protestant Reformers ❖Originally from France, Calvin received an education in humanist studies and law ❖He was influenced by Luther’s writings and had a conversion experience in 1533, fully dedicating himself to Protestantism ❖After his conversion Calvin was not safe in Paris (King Francis I persecuted Protestants periodically) ❖He wound up in Switzerland and published the first edition of his Protestant beliefs, The Institutes of the Christian Religion  Homework Discussion! 1. How do Calvin’s religious views differ from Martin Luther’s views? 2. Why would Calvin’s ideas be appealing to people? 3. How are Calvin’s ideas a threat to Catholicism?  How do Calvin’s religious views differ from Martin Luther’s views? ❖Calvinists are Protestant, so they share many beliefs with Lutherans: ○rejecting the Pope as the head of Christianity ○Justification by Faith ○Baptism & Lord’s Supper were only two sacraments practiced  How do Calvin’s religious views differ from Martin Luther’s views? ❖But there are some major differences: ○He believed that all people were sinful by nature ○Emphasis on absolute sovereignty of God ○He supported the idea of Predestination (”Eternal Decree”): idea that people are chosen at birth By God to go to heaven/hell after they die  CALVIN & GENEVA ❖In 1536 Geneva, Switzerland voted to adopt the Reformation and Calvin arrived in the city shortly after ❖ Calvin helped establish the new church, but he was briefly exiled because of his radical views. ❖He was asked to come back in 1540 when more radical Protestant officials were elected to Geneva’s government  Activity 2! Divide up the document in your groups, analyze your source, share out what you read, and then answer the collective questions in your groups. 1. Based on the two source above, how would you describe life in Calvinist Geneva? What kind of organizational structure did Calvin put in place to ensure his beliefs were practiced properly? 2. Why was Calvin so concerned about regulating the personal lives of citizens?  Calvinist Geneva ❖Ecclesiastical Ordinances (1541): Calvin’s church constitution which created a church government that used both clergy and laymen in the service of the church ❖Established a Consistory: a church council that was used to enforce moral discipline, was set up as a court to oversee moral life and doctrinal purity. It was given the power to control almost every aspect of people’s lives. ❖The Consistory inspected homes to make sure no one was disobeying Calvinism. ❖Forbade fighting, swearing, drinking, gambling, playing cards, and dancing. Punishments ranged from “fraternal corrections,” public penance, excommunication, and torture and execution for more serious infractions ❖Calvin emphasized moral discipline and obedience to God’s will and evidence of the elect CALVINISM SPREADS ❖Calvin’s theology of predestination spread into France, England, and the Netherlands, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire ❖1555: Geneva became home to exiled Protestant from France, England, and Scotland ❖Calvinist Geneva was really the only place Protestants could practice their faith freely ❖Puritans were English Calvinist THE LONG-TERM RESULTS  Summary Question! Causation: Explain how Luther’s ideas resulted in a rapid increase in the number of Christian sects in Europe.