Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What was the aim of police reform in the early nineteenth century?
What did Kraska and Cubellis identify as the reason for the emergence of SWAT teams?
What did Robert Peel's creation of the London police substitute for?
Before 1829, who carried out police functions?
Signup and view all the answers
What less than lethal technology is mentioned as being used by SWAT teams?
Signup and view all the answers
Which event is cited as an example of a SWAT team failure according to Kraska?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Geller and Scott (1992), how many justifiable homicides by the police occur per year?
Signup and view all the answers
In New York City, what percentage of all police-citizen encounters involved the use of physical force against civilians?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the trend in the number of police shootings in Chicago from 1975 to 1995?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the hit rate of civilians being hit by police gunfire in the six largest cities in the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
Who noted that after Waco and Ruby Ridge, the FBI changed its tactics and employed a more patient and pacifist approach during the 1996 standoff with the Freeman?
Signup and view all the answers
Who estimates that about 3,600 suspects were shot at by the police per year?
Signup and view all the answers
In which year was there no mention of SWAT teams in over 2,500 pages of sourcebooks?
Signup and view all the answers
In which countries did studies reveal much higher rates of police involvement in homicides?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Packer (1968), in the crime-control model, the criminal justice system prioritizes justice that is:
Signup and view all the answers
According to Kraska and Cubellis (1997), SWAT teams may instill fear but also:
Signup and view all the answers
According to Wilson (1968), which style of policing prioritizes high arrest and ticketing rates?
Signup and view all the answers
The shift to 'high-modernity,' as described by Kraska and Cubellis (1997), is characterized by:
Signup and view all the answers
The due-process model in the criminal justice system focuses on:
Signup and view all the answers
According to Greenstone (1995), SWAT teams prioritize:
Signup and view all the answers
Kraska and Cubellis view militarization as part of the shift to 'high-modernity,' characterized by all of the following except:
Signup and view all the answers
According to unspecified sources, SWAT teams were used in the 1980s and 1990s primarily for:
Signup and view all the answers
The three styles of policing identified by Wilson (1968) are:
Signup and view all the answers
In response to the rise of minorities to political power, 'high modernity' can be seen as a reform of old-style police departments according to:
Signup and view all the answers
The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics is a comprehensive resource for data on:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the dramatic declines in homicide and robbery rates in favelas with Pacifying Police Units (UPPs)?
Signup and view all the answers
What has been a consequence of pacification efforts in most of the favelas?
Signup and view all the answers
What has been a major challenge faced by the Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) in Rio's larger favelas?
Signup and view all the answers
What behavior does Paul Chavigny attribute to strong class conflicts, an inefficient court system, and a weak sense of citizenship?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Prado, Trebilock, and Hartford, what are the three types of police forces in developing countries?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the study by the Brazilian Forum on Public Safety report about the average daily number of people killed by the police from 2009 to 2013?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the rate of homicides in Brazil compare to that in the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
What conclusion can be drawn about police shootings in Latin America compared to those in the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Kraska believe about the use of weapons by the police in the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the proposed explanation for the high homicide rate in Latin America?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is considered a better explanation for the high homicide rate in Latin America?
Signup and view all the answers
Who is responsible for numerous extra-judicial killings, torture, corruption, extortion, and drug trafficking in certain neighborhoods of Rio and Sao Paulo?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of unit conducts 'oddly nonconfrontational' police raids using black helicopters and an armored vehicle called 'The Beast' in Rio?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common consequence of police raids into dangerous favelas in Rio?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Human Rights Watch find instances of regarding police behavior in Brazil?
Signup and view all the answers
What was Brazil's homicide rate due to 'legal intervention' by police in 2011?
Signup and view all the answers
Who conducted a study on police violence and public security in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil?
Signup and view all the answers
What is rampant in Brazil due to low salaries and extreme danger of the job?
Signup and view all the answers
Who commonly victimized young males and left-wing political activists in Latin America?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the WHO report as the average homicide rate in Latin America in 2011?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the average homicide rate in Latin America in 2011, according to WHO data?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered a better explanation for the high homicide rate in Latin America, apart from machismo tradition?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the rate of 'legal intervention' homicides by police in Brazil in 2011?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Human Rights Watch find instances of regarding police behavior in Brazil?
Signup and view all the answers
'The Beast' is an armored vehicle used by which unit during 'oddly nonconfrontational' police raids in Rio?
Signup and view all the answers
What contributes significantly to the number of homicides in Latin America?
Signup and view all the answers
'Pacifying Police Units (UPPs)' have faced challenges in controlling crime in which area?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a proposed explanation for the high homicide rate in Latin America?
Signup and view all the answers
Who conducted a study on police violence and public security in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Robert Peel's creation of the London police substitute for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is rampant in Brazil due to low salaries and extreme danger of the job?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
-
SWAT teams prioritize "strict fire discipline," with no tolerance for officers acting without orders (Greenstone, 1995).
-
Kraska and Cubellis view this militarization as part of the shift to "high-modernity," characterized by standardization, routinization, and technical efficiency (Kraska and Cubellis, 1997).
-
The criminal justice system can be viewed as shifting from a due-process model to a crime-control model (Packer, 1968).
-
In the crime-control model, the criminal justice system functions efficiently and prioritizes justice that is mechanical and routinized (Packer, 1968).
-
Wilson identifies three styles of policing: service, watchman, and legalistic (Wilson, 1968).
-
Legalistic-style departments prioritize high arrest and ticketing rates and enforce "all" the laws (Wilson, 1968).
-
"High modernity" can be seen as a reform of old-style police departments in response to the civil rights movement and the rise of minorities to political power (unspecified).
-
Kraska and Cubellis argue that SWAT teams may instill fear but also reduce the use of force (Kraska and Cubellis, 1997).
-
SWAT teams attract officers who enjoy action and want to avoid mundane police work (unspecified).
-
SWAT teams were used in the 1980s and 1990s to save poor, minority neighborhoods from the crack epidemic (unspecified).
-
Public opinion on police violence has recently come under severe criticism (unspecified).
-
The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics is a comprehensive resource for data on the entire criminal justice system (unspecified).
-
Police in Latin America, particularly in urban areas, commonly victimized young males and left-wing political activists.
-
According to WHO data, Latin America had the highest homicide rate in the world in 2011 with an average of 16.8 per 100,000 population.
-
Machismo tradition is a proposed explanation for the high homicide rate, however, social inequality, poverty, discrimination, drug and alcohol abuse, and paramilitary activity are considered better explanations.
-
Government agents, political groups, militias, and terrorist organizations contribute significantly to the number of homicides in Latin America.
-
Brazil had a high rate of homicides due to "legal intervention" by police, with a rate of 18.45 per 100,000 population in 2011.
-
Human Rights Watch conducted a study on police violence and public security in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil, finding 10,000 victims of "intentional homicide" in these cities in 2008.
-
Drug traffickers and police-linked militias are responsible for violent crime in Rio and Sao Paulo, leaving many neighborhoods, particularly in Rio, under the control of drug traffickers.
-
Police corruption is rampant in Brazil due to low salaries and extreme danger of the job, leading to numerous extra-judicial killings and impunity for police.
-
Human Rights Watch found instances of police planting or destroying evidence, witness intimidation, and police "rescues" where police take shooting victims to hospitals to "save them."
-
Police-linked militias control numerous neighborhoods, particularly in the state of Rio, and are responsible for numerous extra-judicial killings, torture, corruption, extortion, and drug trafficking.
-
Police raids into dangerous favelas are sometimes "oddly nonconfrontational" and conducted by BOPE, a paramilitary unit of the Rio police, using black helicopters and an armored vehicle called "The Beast."
-
Shoot-outs and torture occur during police raids in favelas and are meant to show the police's restoration of order.
-
Police in Latin America, particularly in urban areas, commonly victimized young males and left-wing political activists.
-
According to WHO data, Latin America had the highest homicide rate in the world in 2011 with an average of 16.8 per 100,000 population.
-
Machismo tradition is a proposed explanation for the high homicide rate, however, social inequality, poverty, discrimination, drug and alcohol abuse, and paramilitary activity are considered better explanations.
-
Government agents, political groups, militias, and terrorist organizations contribute significantly to the number of homicides in Latin America.
-
Brazil had a high rate of homicides due to "legal intervention" by police, with a rate of 18.45 per 100,000 population in 2011.
-
Human Rights Watch conducted a study on police violence and public security in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil, finding 10,000 victims of "intentional homicide" in these cities in 2008.
-
Drug traffickers and police-linked militias are responsible for violent crime in Rio and Sao Paulo, leaving many neighborhoods, particularly in Rio, under the control of drug traffickers.
-
Police corruption is rampant in Brazil due to low salaries and extreme danger of the job, leading to numerous extra-judicial killings and impunity for police.
-
Human Rights Watch found instances of police planting or destroying evidence, witness intimidation, and police "rescues" where police take shooting victims to hospitals to "save them."
-
Police-linked militias control numerous neighborhoods, particularly in the state of Rio, and are responsible for numerous extra-judicial killings, torture, corruption, extortion, and drug trafficking.
-
Police raids into dangerous favelas are sometimes "oddly nonconfrontational" and conducted by BOPE, a paramilitary unit of the Rio police, using black helicopters and an armored vehicle called "The Beast."
-
Shoot-outs and torture occur during police raids in favelas and are meant to show the police's restoration of order.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge about SWAT team technology and their use of 'less than lethal' tools such as percussion grenades, tear gas, pepper spray, and bean-bag shotguns.
