Chapter 5 Pt. 1 Militarization

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Questions and Answers

What did Radley Balko primarily focus on in his paper that was not mentioned by Christopher Cooper?

Follow-up investigations of felony narcotics arrests

Seizures and forfeitures related to drug activity

No-knock or quick-knock SWAT raids used for drug raids (correct)

Street-level undercover work by pro-active squads

What did Balko ignore in his paper, as mentioned in the text?

Obtaining controlled substances by fraud and the diversion of legal drugs

Clandestine drug laboratory raids and street narcotics investigations through the use of informants (correct)

Forged prescriptions and illegal distribution of pharmaceuticals

1.5 million other drug arrests occurring each year by patrol officers or narcotics detectives

What is the nature of the undercover work done by pro-active squads as described in the text?

They work in uniform with a badge and vest

They primarily focus on high-level drug dealers

They work without backup nearby

They work in street clothes with a gun but no badge or vest, dealing with strangers with backup a football field away (correct)

What risk do undercover officers in street-level narcotics investigations face according to the text?

High risk for large amounts of drugs Signup and view all the answers

What was the total value of the equipment distributed by the military to police agencies by 2005?

$727 million Signup and view all the answers

In 1997 and 1998, how many orders of Pentagon equipment were handled by the new military agency from U.S. police agencies?

3.4 million Signup and view all the answers

What was the total number of agencies requesting equipment by 2005?

17,000 Signup and view all the answers

In 2011, how much did the Department of Homeland Security give in grants to local police departments?

$3 billion Signup and view all the answers

What did the Sheriff’s Department of Marion County, Florida acquire from the military according to the text?

23 helicopters, two luxury jets, a tank, and assault weapons Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of call-outs for a SWAT team was analyzed for five departments from 2009 to 2013?

<0.01% Signup and view all the answers

How many warrant service activations were there for the SWAT team for each department per year based on the study from 2009 to 2013?

20 Signup and view all the answers

What was the average number of calls for the five departments surveyed from 2009 to 2013?

80,455 per year Signup and view all the answers

How many subjects were struck by at least one bullet fired by a SWAT officer based on Klinger and Rojek's data?

198 Signup and view all the answers

How many suspects took their own lives during SWAT operations based on direct or extrapolated data?

449 suspects Signup and view all the answers

What did Klinger and Rojek conclude about SWAT shootings based on their data?

SWAT shootings are very rare. Signup and view all the answers

What was the composition of the SNEU teams?

A sergeant and 5-10 officers, with an observation post and a catch car Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of informants in narcotics enforcement?

Gathering information for raids, often being drug users whose information had to be carefully evaluated Signup and view all the answers

What was the responsibility of SWAT teams during drug raids?

Securing occupants and evidence during raids, turning the scene over to narcotics detectives once secured Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of no-knock raids in narcotics enforcement?

To prevent drugs from being flushed down the toilet during a regular search warrant wait Signup and view all the answers

How did the American public's support for the war on drugs change over the years according to Gallup polling?

83% saw the drug problem as extremely or very serious in 2000, 68% in 2009, and 71% in 2017 Signup and view all the answers

How did attitudes toward marijuana legalization change over time according to Gallup polling?

-84% felt it should be illegal in 1970, over +70% until the mid-1990s, and -64% felt it should be legal in 2017 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary cause of injuries or fatalities in raids on wrong addresses, as argued by Balko (2006)?

Poor police work by narcotic detectives Signup and view all the answers

What did Klinger and Rojek (2008) find to be the average number of warrants served per year by a SWAT team?

$14$ Signup and view all the answers

Which type of warrants were described as the 'bread and butter' of SWAT work?

Narcotics warrants Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the best procedure for a drug raid, according to the text?

$24$-hour surveillance of the location in advance Signup and view all the answers

What has been the trend in the prevalence of SWAT teams since the 1960s?

Increasing in cities, suburbs, and even small towns Signup and view all the answers

What did Congress pass to enhance cooperation between police and military, according to the text?

Laws enhancing cooperation and transfer of military equipment to police Signup and view all the answers

What are SWAT teams established for?

Unusual and dangerous situations Signup and view all the answers

What did Klinger and Rojek find about the average number of warrants served per year by a SWAT team?

14 Signup and view all the answers

What techniques do SWAT teams use for raids, according to the text?

Dynamic entry and breach and pull back Signup and view all the answers

What was the composition of SWAT teams during drug raids according to the text?

A mix of highly specialized officers and patrol officers Signup and view all the answers

What do narcotics warrants constitute for SWAT work?

Major part Signup and view all the answers

What is considered rare according to the text?

Injuries or fatalities during raids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Edward Conlon, a New York City Police Department narcotics officer, detailed his experiences with the Street Narcotics Enforcement Unit (SNEU) in the South Bronx.
SNEU teams consisted of a sergeant and 5-10 officers, with an observation post (OP) and a catch car.
OP officers observed drug transactions from rooftops or vacant apartments, then radioed descriptions to the catch car for arrests.
Drug sets ranged from small-time operations to complex organizations with various roles.
Informants, often drug users, played a key role in gathering information for raids. Their information had to be carefully evaluated.
Surveillance was a crucial part of narcotics enforcement, involving long hours on rooftops and careful planning.
SWAT teams were responsible for securing occupants and evidence during raids, turning the scene over to narcotics detectives once secured.
No-knock raids were conducted to prevent drugs from being flushed down the toilet during a regular search warrant wait.
The American public's support for the war on drugs remained strong, with attitudes on drug use changing little over the years except for marijuana legalization.
Gallup polling showed that 83% of the public saw the drug problem as extremely or very serious in 2000, 68% in 2009, and 71% in 2017.
Attitudes toward marijuana legalization saw a dramatic shift, with 84% feeling it should be illegal in 1970, over 70% until the mid-1990s, and 64% feeling it should be legal in 2017.
Balko (2006) argued that hundreds of raids are conducted on the wrong address each year, leading to injuries or fatalities.
Poor police work by narcotic detectives was the cause.
SWAT teams were established for unusual and dangerous situations, like barricaded subjects and hostage incidents.
However, these incidents are rare.
Klinger and Rojek (2008) found that the average number of warrants served per year by a SWAT team was 14.
Narcotics warrants were the "bread and butter" of SWAT work.
SWAT teams use various techniques for raids, such as surrounding the location, dynamic entry, breach and pull back, and breach and hold.
The best procedure for a drug raid is to have surveillance of the location for 24 hours in advance.
Since the 1960s, SWAT teams have become increasingly common in cities, suburbs, and even small towns.
In response to the war on drugs, Congress passed several laws that enhanced cooperation between the police and military, including the transfer of military equipment to the police.

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Test your knowledge about the functions and implications of SWAT team operations with this quiz. Explore important statistics and considerations related to the accuracy of raids and the impact of poor police work.