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Questions and Answers
What is a boundary survey?
A boundary survey is a type of land survey that determines the legal boundaries and corners of a parcel of land.
When do you typically need a boundary survey?
Boundary surveys focus on mapping out the boundaries of multiple parcels of land in an area.
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What is the area of the rectangle described in the solution?
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What is the area of the rectangle in acres?
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What are the dimensions of the rectangle (length x width)?
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What is the area of the second rectangle described in the solution?
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What is the area of the second rectangle in acres?
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What is the purpose of Cadastral Surveys?
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What are the types of cadaster mentioned in the content?
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Boundary marks are set by the Demarcation Officer.
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Land ownership is in rights of use of land, NOT land itself. Each right represents a different kind of right, bundled together in the ownership of land, which may be owned by different persons/groups for differing __________ of time.
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What are control surveys used for?
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What are the essential types of control surveys?
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Cadastral surveys are closely connected to control points, which are fixed reference points with known coordinates used as benchmarks in surveying. Control points serve as the foundation for establishing accurate boundaries during ______ surveys.
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Georeferencing in cadastral surveys involves assigning spatial coordinates to features on the Earth's surface.
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Match the following geometric relations involving a right triangle with their respective formulas:
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Study Notes
Introduction to Cadastral Surveying
- Cadastral surveying is the process of determining the boundaries of land parcels and the documentation of land ownership.
- A cadastre is an official register of land ownership and rights.
Concepts of Land
- Land is a commodity that is:
- Immovable
- Permanent
- Inclusive of rights associated with the surface and subsurface of the earth
- Land ownership is a bundle of rights, including:
- Rights to use land
- Rights to possess land
- Rights to dispose of land
Land Tenure Systems
- Land tenure refers to the way land is held, including:
- Customary tradition
- Legislation (e.g. freehold)
- Individual contract or informal use
- Land tenure can be classified into:
- Private
- Open access
- State
- Non-formal (e.g. occupation without permission)
- Communal/customary
Purpose and Scope of Cadastral Surveying
- The purpose of cadastral surveying is to:
- Delineate property boundaries
- Compile data for land registration
- The scope of cadastral surveying includes:
- Accurate boundary surveys
- Demarcation of boundaries
- Recording of land ownership and rights
Types of Cadastre
- There are three types of cadastre:
- Juridical cadastre (legally recognized record of land tenure)
- Fiscal cadastre (for property valuation and taxation)
- Multipurpose cadastre (combines juridical and fiscal cadastres)
Rules and Regulations Governing Demarcation
- Boundary and demarcation laws regulate the survey and demarcation of land boundaries.
- The objectives of demarcation laws include:
- Surveying and demarcating land boundaries
- Maintaining survey marks and boundary marks
- Resolving disputes related to land boundaries
Laws and Regulations Governing Cadastral Surveying
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Laws and regulations governing cadastral surveying vary by country and jurisdiction.
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These laws establish standards, procedures, and requirements for land surveying, land administration, and property rights.
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Examples of laws and regulations governing cadastral surveying include:
- Land survey laws
- Land registration laws
- Zoning and planning laws
- Environmental laws### Property Rights Laws and Cadastral Surveys
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Property rights laws establish the legal framework for property ownership, tenure, and transfer, including rights and responsibilities related to land use, access, and occupation.
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These laws define the types of property rights, such as fee simple, leasehold, easements, or mineral rights, and specify the procedures for transferring or encumbering property interests through deeds, contracts, or other legal instruments.
Public Land Laws
- Public land laws govern the management and administration of government-owned or public lands, including cadastral surveys to demarcate and document public land boundaries.
- These laws facilitate land allocation or leasing processes and prevent unauthorized occupation or encroachment on public lands.
Cadastral Surveys
- A boundary survey, also known as a mortgage survey, synthesizes property record research and field research to determine the legal boundaries and corners of a parcel of land.
- A professional land surveyor conducts fieldwork to measure the specific boundaries of the land and researches the history of the land to ensure that all current ownership is legitimate and worth its value.
When to Conduct a Boundary Survey
- Applying for a mortgage: Many mortgage lenders require a boundary survey of your property in addition to the home appraisal before deciding on the mortgage loan rate.
- Building on a property: Land surveys are required when proving that a property is in compliance with zoning regulations and local government ordinances.
- Renovating a property: It is wise to get a boundary survey before renovating or adding any additions to your property to avoid encroaching on someone else's land.
- Property disputes: In cases of boundary disputes between neighbors or property owners, a boundary survey can provide authoritative evidence of the true property lines.
Boundary Survey Process
- A surveyor visits the land to conduct fieldwork, physically staking and measuring the property's boundaries and corners.
- The surveyor researches the land, looking through public records to find any documents about the parcel of land.
- The surveyor writes a report and drafts a legal description of the newly surveyed parcel.
Plat Surveys vs. Boundary Surveys
- A plat is a public document that maps out the detailed boundaries of each parcel of land in a particular area.
- Both boundary and plat surveys detail land boundaries, but plat surveys map out the boundaries of multiple parcels of land, while boundary surveys focus on one private parcel of land.
Control Surveys
- Control surveys offer the horizontal and vertical positions of the points used to adjust supplementary surveys.
- Control surveys set the accuracy benchmark for subsequent and subsidiary surveys to meet.
Types of Control Surveys
- First-order control survey: The most accurate kind of control survey, frequently used for big projects or projects that need a lot of accuracy.
- Second-order control survey: Less precise than a first-order survey, used for many medium-sized projects.
- Third-order control survey: The least accurate, often employed for small-scale or less accurate projects.
Connection to Cadastral Surveys
- Control points serve as the foundation for establishing accurate boundaries during cadastral surveys.
- Surveyors use control points as reference markers to accurately determine property lines and corners.
- Control points are essential for georeferencing cadastral boundaries, ensuring spatial accuracy.
Cadastral Traverse
- A cadastral traverse is a surveying technique used to establish the boundary of a parcel of land or to determine the positions of features within that parcel.
- The process involves measuring angles and distances along the traverse lines, recording these values, and then using trigonometric and geometric calculations to compute the coordinates of each traverse point.
Converting Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds to Decimal Degrees
- To convert degrees, minutes, and seconds to decimal degrees, use the following steps:
- Convert minutes to decimal degrees: minutes ÷ 60
- Convert seconds to decimal degrees: seconds ÷ 3600
- Add the degrees, minutes, and seconds to get the decimal degree equivalent
Definitions and Formulas
- Coordinates: A set of numbers that describe the distance north (or south) and east (or west) from a monument or reference point.
- Inverse Traverse: The calculation of bearing and distance between two points of known coordinates.
- Triangle: Any three-sided figure.
- Area of a rectangle: A = L x W
- Pythagorean Theorem: A^2 + B^2 = C^2
- Trigonometric relations: C = √ A^2 + B^2, A = √ C^2 - B^2, B = √ C^2 - A^2
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Description
This course covers the basics of cadastral surveying, including its scope, rules, and regulations governing demarcation, laws and regulations, boundary surveys, and connections to other surveys.
