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Questions and Answers

Given the function $f(x) = egin{cases} ax+1 & ext{if } x \le 3 \ bx+3 & ext{if } x > 3 \end{cases}$, which of the following relationships between $a$ and $b$ ensures that $f$ is continuous at $x = 3$?

  • $3a - 3b = -2$
  • $3a + 3b = -2$
  • $3a + 3b = 2$
  • $3a - 3b = 2$ (correct)

Consider the piecewise function: $f(x) = egin{cases} kx^2 & ext{if } x \le 2 \ 3 & ext{if } x > 2 \end{cases}$. What value of $k$ will make the function continuous at $x=2$?

  • $k = rac{1}{2}$
  • $k = rac{2}{3}$
  • $k = rac{4}{3}$
  • $k = rac{3}{4}$ (correct)

Determine the value of $k$ that makes the following function continuous at $x = \pi$: $f(x) = egin{cases} kx+1 & ext{if } x \le \pi \ \cos x & ext{if } x > \pi \end{cases}$

  • $k = - rac{2}{\pi}$ (correct)
  • $k = rac{1}{\pi}$
  • $k = rac{2}{\pi}$
  • $k = - rac{1}{\pi}$

For what value of $\lambda$ is the function $f(x) = egin{cases} [\lambda^2x - 2x] & ext{if } x \le 0 \ 4x+1 & ext{if } x > 0 \end{cases}$ continuous at $x=0$?

<p>The function is not continuous for any value of $\lambda$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $f(x) = egin{cases} rac{k \cos x}{\pi - 2x} & ext{if } x < rac{\pi}{2} \ 3 & ext{if } x = rac{\pi}{2} \end{cases}$ is continuous at $x = rac{\pi}{2}$, find the value of $k$.

<p>$k = 6$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the function $f(x) = egin{cases} 5 & ext{if } x \le 2 \ ax+b & ext{if } 2 < x < 10 \ 21 & ext{if } x \ge 10 \end{cases}$. What are the values of $a$ and $b$ that make $f(x)$ a continuous function?

<p>$a = 2, b = -1$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine the points of discontinuity for the function $f(x) = x - [x]$, where $[x]$ represents the greatest integer function.

<p>The function is discontinuous at all integers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given $(\cos x)^y = (\cos y)^x$, find $\frac{dy}{dx}$.

<p>$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\log(\cos y) - y \tan x}{\log(\cos x) - x \tan y}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the definite integral $\int_{a}^{b} f(x) dx$. If this integral is split at a point 'c' within the interval [a, b], which of the following statements regarding the relationship between the original integral and the resulting integrals is most accurate?

<p>$\int_{a}^{b} f(x) dx = \int_{a}^{c} f(x) dx + \int_{c}^{b} f(x) dx$, provided that $a &lt; c &lt; b$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The property $\int_{a}^{b} f(x) dx = \int_{a}^{b} f(a+b-x) dx$ is applied to simplify integrals. Suppose you are evaluating $\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{1}{1 + \sqrt{\tan x}} dx$. What is the most effective next step after applying this property?

<p>Combine the original integral with the transformed integral and solve the resulting equation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using the property $\int_{0}^{a} f(x) dx = \int_{0}^{a} f(a-x) dx$, for what type of functions $f(x)$ does this transformation provide the most significant advantage in simplifying the integral?

<p>Functions where $f(a - x)$ results in a constant or a form that can be easily integrated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that $\int_{0}^{2a} f(x) dx = 2\int_{0}^{a} f(x) dx$ if $f(2a-x) = f(x)$ and $\int_{0}^{2a} f(x) dx = 0$ if $f(2a-x) = -f(x)$, how does the symmetry of $f(x)$ around $x=a$ affect the integral's property?

<p>If $f(x)$ is symmetric about $x=a$, the integral from 0 to 2a is twice the integral from 0 to a; if it is anti-symmetric, the integral is zero. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $f(x)$ is an even function, $\int_{-a}^{a} f(x) dx = 2\int_{0}^{a} f(x) dx$. If $f(x)$ is odd, $\int_{-a}^{a} f(x) dx = 0$. How can you leverage these properties to evaluate $\int_{-2}^{2} (x^3 + \cos x + 1) dx$ efficiently?

<p>Recognize $x^3$ is odd, $\cos x$ is even, and 1 is even, then apply the respective properties to simplify and solve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In solving a Linear Programming Problem (LPP), what is the fundamental role of the constraints in determining the optimal solution?

<p>Constraints determine the feasible region within which the optimal solution must lie. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When solving a minimization LPP using the graphical method, how does the objective function's gradient relate to finding the optimal solution at a corner point of the feasible region?

<p>The gradient is perpendicular to the objective function line at the optimal point, indicating the direction of the steepest increase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider an LPP where the feasible region is unbounded. What implications does this unboundedness have on the solution of the LPP?

<p>The LPP may not have a finite optimal solution, especially in maximization problems, indicating the objective function can increase indefinitely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the constraints $x + 2y \le 12$, $2x + y \le 12$, $4x + 5y \ge 20$, $x \ge 0$, and $y \ge 0$, how does altering the first constraint to $x + 2y \le 10$ affect the feasible region and the optimal solution for maximizing $Z = 600x + 400y$?

<p>The feasible region shrinks, potentially reducing the maximum value of Z, and the optimal solution shifts towards lower <code>y</code> values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the linear programming problem: Minimize $Z = 3x + 5y$ subject to $x + 3y \ge 3$, $x + y \ge 2$, $x \ge 0$, $y \ge 0$. How would incorporating an additional constraint, $x \le 1$, influence the minimum value of $Z$?

<p>The minimum value of Z would increase, because the constraint $x \le 1$ restricts the feasible region to points with smaller <code>x</code> values, mandating a larger <code>y</code> to satisfy the other inequalities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given $A = \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \ 4 & 3 \end{bmatrix}$ and it satisfies $A^2 - 8A - 9I = 0$, which of the following methods is most efficient for computing $A^{-1}$?

<p>Rearranging the equation to express $A^{-1}$ in terms of $A$ and $I$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If matrix $A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -1 & 1 \ -1 & 2 & -1 \ 1 & -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}$ satisfies $A^3 - 6A^2 + 9A - 4I = 0$, what is the most efficient way to calculate $A^{-1}$?

<p>Express $A^{-1}$ in terms of $A^2$, $A$, and $I$ using the given polynomial equation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If matrix $A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 & 3 \ 1 & 4 & 3 \ 1 & 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}$, and given that $A \ adj A = |A|I$, how does this relationship simplify the computation of $A^{-1}$?

<p>It allows $A^{-1}$ to be found directly by scaling the adjugate of $A$ by the reciprocal of $|A|$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose $A$ and $B$ are two $2 \times 2$ matrices such that $(AB)^{-1}$ exists. If you find that $B^{-1}A^{-1}$ does not equal $(AB)^{-1}$ after computation, what can you conclude?

<p>There must be a computational error, as $(AB)^{-1}$ always equals $B^{-1}A^{-1}$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the function $f(x) = \begin{cases} kx+1 & \text{if } x \le 5 \ 3x-5 & \text{if } x > 5 \end{cases}$, what condition must $k$ satisfy for $f(x)$ to be continuous at $x = 5$, and how does this condition relate to the differentiability of $f(x)$ at $x = 5$?

<p>$k$ must equal 2 for continuity, but this does not guarantee differentiability at $x = 5$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a function $f(x)$ defined piecewise. What specific criteria must be met at a point $x = c$ within its domain for $f(x)$ to be differentiable at that point?

<p>The function must be continuous at $x = c$, and the left-hand derivative must equal the right-hand derivative at that point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Linear Programming

To find the maximum or minimum value of a linear function subject to linear constraints.

Constraint

A condition expressed as a linear inequality that restricts the possible values of the variables.

Feasible Region

The region defined by all the constraints in a linear programming problem. It contains all possible solutions.

Matrix Equation Satisfaction

Matrix A satisfies this equation if, after substituting A into the polynomial equation, the result is a zero matrix.

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Matrix Inverse

A matrix multiplied by its inverse results in the identity matrix.

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Finding A⁻¹ (2x2)

Switch the diagonal elements, change the sign of off-diagonal elements, and divide by the determinant.

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A(adj A) = |A|I

The product of a matrix and its adjugate is equal to the determinant of the matrix times the identity matrix.

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Continuity at a Point

A function is continuous at a point if the limit from the left, the limit from the right, and the function's value at that point are all equal.

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Integral Partitioning

Splits a definite integral into multiple integrals over adjacent intervals.$\int_{a}^{b} f(x)dx = \int_{a}^{c} f(x)dx + \int_{c}^{b} f(x)dx$

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Integral Substitution Property

This property allows you to rewrite a definite integral by substituting $x$ with $(a+b-x)$, where $a$ and $b$ are the limits of integration. $\int_{a}^{b} f(x)dx = \int_{a}^{b} f(a+b-x)dx$

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Integral Reduction Formula

This property allows you to rewrite a definite integral with limits 0 to a by substituting $x$ with $(a-x)$.$\int_{0}^{a} f(x)dx = \int_{0}^{a} f(a-x)dx$

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Integral Periodicity Property

If $f(2a-x) = f(x)$, the integral from 0 to 2a equals twice the integral from 0 to a. If $f(2a-x) = -f(x)$, the integral from 0 to 2a equals 0. $\int_{0}^{2a} f(x)dx = 2\int_{0}^{a} f(x)dx$ or 0

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Even/Odd Function Integration

If $f(x)$ is even, $\int_{-a}^{a} f(x)dx = 2\int_{0}^{a} f(x)dx$. If $f(x)$ is odd, $\int_{-a}^{a} f(x)dx = 0$.

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Maximize Z in LPP

The goal in LPP is to find the maximum value of an objective function, $Z$, given a set of linear constraints.

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Minimize Z in LPP

The goal in LPP is to find the smalles value of an objective function, $Z$, given a set of linear constraints.

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Constraints in LPP

These are inequalities that define the feasible region in a Linear Programming Problem. They restrict the values of the decision variables.

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Continuity Condition

For a function to be continuous at a point, the left-hand limit, right-hand limit, and the function's value at that point must be equal.

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Finding k for continuity

Set the function values equal at the point where the definition changes and solve for k. This ensures the function smoothly connects.

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Solve for k with cos(x)

Substitute x =π into both parts of the function. Set the expressions equal to each other, then isolate and solve for k.

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Relationship between a and b

Substitute x = 3. Set the two equations equal, rearrange the terms to define the relationship between 'a' and 'b'.

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Discontinuity

Points where a function is not defined, has a jump, or has a break.

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Greatest Integer Function Discontinuity

The greatest integer function, denoted by [x], returns the largest integer less than or equal to x. It has discontinuities at integer values.

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Differentiability

A function f(x) is differentiable at a point if its derivative exists at that point. Graphically, this means the function has a well-defined tangent line.

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Continuity vs. Differentiability

A function can be continuous but not differentiable at certain points (e.g., sharp corners or vertical tangents).

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Study Notes

  • These are the most expected questions for II PUC Mathematics, Part E, for the academic year 2024-25.

Integrals

  • Prove ∫f(x)dx from a to b = ∫f(x)dx from a to c + ∫f(x)dx from c to b
  • Evaluate ∫|x-5|dx from 0 to 6
  • Evaluate ∫|x²-1|dx from 0 to 2
  • Prove ∫f(x)dx from a to b = ∫f(a+b-x)dx from a to b
  • Evaluate ∫1/(1+√tan x) dx from 0 to π/2
  • Prove ∫f(x)dx from 0 to a = ∫f(a-x)dx from 0 to a
  • Evaluate ∫(cos⁵x)/(cos⁵x + sin⁵x) dx from 0 to π/2
  • Evaluate ∫√x /(√x + √(a-x)) dx from 0 to a
  • Evaluate ∫(2log sinx - log sin 2x) dx from 0 to π/2
  • Evaluate ∫√(sin x) /√(sin x + cos x) dx from 0 to π/2
  • Evaluate ∫log(1 + tan x) dx from 0 to π/4
  • Evaluate ∫(sinx - cosx)/(1 + sinx cosx) dx from 0 to π/2
  • Evaluate ∫(sin²x)/(sin²x + cos²x) dx from 0 to π/2
  • Prove ∫f(x)dx from 0 to 2a = 2∫f(x)dx from 0 to a if f(2a - x) = f(x)
  • ∫f(x)dx from 0 to 2a = 0 if f(2a - x) = -f(x)
  • Evaluate ∫cos³x dx from 0 to π
  • Prove ∫f(x)dx from -a to a = 2∫f(x)dx from 0 to a if f(x) is even
  • ∫f(x)dx from -a to a = 0 if f(x) is odd
  • Evaluate ∫sin⁵x dx from -π/2 to π/2
  • Evaluate ∫(x² + x cos x) dx from -π/2 to π/2
  • Evaluate ∫sin³x cos⁵x dx from -π/2 to π/2

Linear Programming Problems to Maximize or Minimize Z

  • Z = 4x + y, subject to x + y ≤ 50, 3x + y ≤ 90, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
  • Z = 3x + 2y, subject to x + 2y ≤ 10, 3x + y ≤ 15, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
  • Z = 200x + 500y, subject to x + 2y ≥ 10, 3x + 4y ≤ 24, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
  • Z = -3x + 4y, subject to x + 2y ≤ 8, 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
  • Z = -3x + 4y, subject to x + 2y ≤ 8, 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
  • Z = 3x + 9y, subject to x + 3y ≤ 60, x + y ≥ 10, x ≤ y, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
  • Z = 600x + 400y, subject to x + 2y ≤ 12, 2x + y ≤ 12, 4x + 5y ≥ 20, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
  • Z = 5x + 10y, subject to x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x - 2y ≥ 0, x, y ≥ 0
  • Z = x + 2y, subject to x + 2y ≥ 100, 2x - y ≤ 0, 2x + y ≤ 200, x, y ≥ 0
  • Z = 3x + 5y, subject to x + 3y ≥ 3, x + y ≥ 2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
  • Z = 3x + 2y, subject to x + y ≥ 8, 3x + 5y ≤ 15, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

Determinants

  • Show that the matrix A = |2 3| , |1 2| satisfies the equation A² - 4A + I = O, where I is 2x2 identity matrix and O is a 2x2 zero matrix; use this equation to find A⁻¹
  • Show that the matrix A = |3 1| , |-1 2| satisfies the equation A² - 5A + 7I = O, where I is a 2x2 identity matrix and O is a 2x2 zero matrix; use this equation to find A⁻¹
  • Show that the matrix A = |5 6| , |4 3| satisfies the equation A² - 8A - 9I = O, where I is a 2x2 identity matrix and O is a 2x2 zero matrix; use this equation to find A⁻¹
  • For the matrix A = |3 2| , |1 1|, find the numbers a and b such that A² + aA + bI = O
  • If A = |2 3| , |1 -4| and B = |1 -2| , |-1 3|, then verify that (AB)⁻¹ = B⁻¹A⁻¹
  • Let A = |3 7| , |2 5| and B = |6 8| , |7 9|, verify that (AB)⁻¹ = B⁻¹A⁻¹
  • Verify A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|I for the matrix A = |2 3| , |-4 -6|
  • Find the inverse of the matrix |1 0 0| , |0 cos α sin α|, |0 sin α -cos α|
  • If A = |1 3 3| , |1 4 3|, |1 3 4|, then verify that A(adj A) = |A|I and find A⁻¹
  • If the matrix A = |2 -1 1| , |-1 2 -1|, |1 -1 2| satisfies A³ - 6A² + 9A - 4I = 0, then evaluate A⁻¹

Continuity and Differentiability

  • Find the value of k so that the function f(x) = kx+1 if x≤5, 3x-5 if x>5 at x=5 is continuous
  • Find the value of k so that the function f(x) = kx² if x≤2, 3 if x>2 is continuous at x=2
  • Find the value of k, if f(x) = kx+1 if x≤π, cos x if x>π is continuous at x=π
  • Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f(x) = ax+1 if x≤3, bx+3 if x>3 is continuous at x=3
  • Find the value of λ for which the function f(x) = λ(x²-2x) if x≤0, 4x+1 if x>0 is continuous at x=0
  • If f(x) = k cos x / π-2x if x<π/2, 3 if x=π/2 , is continuous at x = π/2, find the value of k
  • Find values of a and b such that f(x) = 5 if x≤2, ax+b if 2

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