Sustainable Design Principles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the actual size of a piece of wood that is nominally 1 inch or less?

  • 1/4 inch smaller (correct)
  • 3/4 inch smaller
  • 1/2 inch smaller
  • Equal to nominal size

Which of the following preservatives should be avoided in areas in contact with people?

  • Waterborne preservatives
  • Creosote preservatives (correct)
  • Oil-type preservatives
  • Thermally modified wood

What does KD stand for in standard wood terminology?

  • Kilogram Density
  • Kiln Dried (correct)
  • Knotty Dimension
  • Knocked Down

Which type of lumber typically measures 1 to 5 inches thick?

<p>Lumber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the pros associated with using TREX in construction?

<p>Made from reclaimed wood and recycled plastic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods for reusing wood does not involve its structural integrity?

<p>Mulching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key recommendation for designing with wood to enhance sustainability?

<p>Facilitate deconstruction for reuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the actual size reductions for wood that is nominally over 1 inch and up to 7 inches?

<p>1/2 inch reduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary strategy in sustainable design for resource management?

<p>Reuse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is the correct order for sustainable design?

<p>Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Albedo' refer to in environmental design?

<p>The percentage of solar radiation reflected by a surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major contributor to low Albedo in landscape materials?

<p>Dark colors of materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum longitudinal slope for an accessible route?

<p>1:20 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a ramp in terms of slope requirements?

<p>Longitudinal slope of 1:20 to 1:12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ADA stand for in landscape design?

<p>Americans with Disabilities Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Universal Design aim to achieve?

<p>Design that is usable for everyone, regardless of ability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main problem with plastic edge restraints in high-traffic areas?

<p>They can deform due to improper base compaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes design development from construction documents?

<p>Construction documents are the results of decision-making in design development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential in a materials plan and schedule?

<p>All important materials that fulfill design intent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do paving joints serve in pavement installation?

<p>To manage cracking and maintain structural integrity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended spacing rule for paving control joints?

<p>2–3 times the thickness of the slab in feet. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of isolation/expansion joints?

<p>They allow relative movement in three directions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wood is commonly recommended for substructure construction due to its lower cost?

<p>Douglas Fir. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the environmental concerns associated with using wood products?

<p>Deforestation contributes significantly to human-caused CO2 emissions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the occurrence of differential shifting in paving failures?

<p>Inadequate preparation of the foundation layer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of concrete joints is primarily decorative?

<p>Score joints. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of paving joint does not have a defined maximum width?

<p>Control/contraction joints. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using materials like concrete compared to wood?

<p>Wood products contribute to deforestation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical life expectancy comparison between plastic and metal edging?

<p>Plastic edging has a shorter life compared to metal edging. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum height a riser can be constructed in stairways according to building codes?

<p>8 inches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred minimum depth for each tread in staircase construction?

<p>11 inches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many risers must stairs have before handrails are mandated on both sides according to building codes?

<p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stairs is prohibited under exterior conditions?

<p>Spiral stairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard ratio recommended for treads to risers in steps?

<p>Two risers plus one tread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable angle for the slope of stairs according to regulations?

<p>30 degrees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes sedimentary rocks in terms of formation?

<p>Formed from particles settling out of water or air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How far must infiltration systems be located away from a building's foundation according to standards?

<p>10 feet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of open graded aggregates?

<p>Contains no more than 15% fines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of geotextile fabric is most effective for erosion control?

<p>Woven Geotextile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of paving is typically used in locations requiring load distribution across multiple layers?

<p>Flexible paving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is commonly preferred for setting beds in precast concrete pavers due to its drainage properties?

<p>Concrete Sand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of edge restraints in paving applications?

<p>To keep the pavers in place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of nonwoven geotextile fabrics?

<p>Made from filaments that are randomly oriented (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Sustainable Design

Designing and building in a way that meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

The three primary strategies for minimizing resource use and environmental impact in sustainable design.

Albedo

The reflectivity of a surface, measured as the percentage of solar radiation it reflects.

Impact of Low Albedo

Low albedo can contribute to the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE) which makes urban areas hotter.

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ADA vs. Universal Design

ADA focuses on accessibility for people with disabilities while Universal Design aims to make environments usable for all people, regardless of ability.

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Accessible Route Requirements

Longitudinal slope must be 5% or less (1:20), cross slope must be 2% or less (1:48) for accessibility.

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Ramp Requirements

A ramp has a slope of 8.33% to above 5%, with a maximum run length of 30 feet between landings.

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IBC Code for Steps

The International Building Code (IBC) sets minimum & maximum design requirements for steps. The code varies depending on specific building and project needs.

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Stair Riser

The vertical part of a step that you step up on.

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Stair Tread

The horizontal part of a step that you step on.

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Stair Slope Ratio

The ratio of the vertical rise (riser) to the horizontal run (tread) of a staircase.

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Minimum Tread Depth

The shortest allowable horizontal distance on a stair tread, typically 11 inches or more.

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Maximum Riser Height

The highest allowable vertical distance between stairs, typically 7 inches.

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Handrail Requirements

Handrails are required on both sides of stairways with 5 or more risers in exterior public spaces.

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Gray Infrastructure

Traditional infrastructure systems like pipes, sewers, and treatment plants that collect, convey, and dispose of water.

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Green Infrastructure

Sustainable infrastructure systems that manage water naturally, like bioswales, rain gardens, and green roofs.

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Flow-Through Planters

Green infrastructure elements with plants that filter runoff water before it enters the sewer system.

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Bioswales

Long, shallow, vegetated channels designed to capture and treat stormwater runoff.

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Detention and Retention

Green infrastructure systems designed to detain (temporarily store) or retain (permanently store) stormwater.

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Igneous Rock

Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

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Metamorphic Rock

Rock formed when existing rocks are transformed by heat, pressure, or reactive fluids.

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Sedimentary Rock

Rock formed by the accumulation and cementation of sediments.

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Flexible Paving

Paving material that distributes loads across multiple layers, allowing for flexibility.

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Rigid/Non-Flexible Paving

Paving material that primarily distributes loads to the bottom layer, without relying on multiple layers.

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Plastic Edge Restraints

Plastic edge restraints are used to define edges of paving but can fail in high traffic or extreme weather due to deformation, resulting in sinking pavers and shifting edges.

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Improper Compaction

Insufficient compaction of the base under pavers can lead to deformation of plastic edging, causing sinking pavers and shifting edges due to uneven settling.

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Base Installation Too High

A base installed too high without proper scraping exposes supporting construction, indicating a poor installation and potential future problems.

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Site Inventory vs. Analysis

Site inventory involves collecting data about the site, while site analysis interprets this data to identify opportunities and constraints to inform design decisions.

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Conceptual vs. Schematic Design

Conceptual design explores multiple design ideas, while schematic design refines a chosen concept, including scale drawings, material considerations, and grading.

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Design Development vs. Construction Documents

Design development develops detailed specifications, material choices, and planting plans, while construction documents are the final and detailed representation of all design decisions ready for construction.

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FFE (Finished Flood Elevation)

The elevation level where floodwaters are expected to rise, used for determining site design and building placement.

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POD (Point of Beginning)

A designated reference point used for surveying and mapping a site.

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Paving Joints (Purpose)

Paving joints are crucial for managing expansion and contraction due to weather changes and preventing cracks. They maintain the structural integrity of the pavement.

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Types of Paving Joints

There are four main types of paving joints: isolation/expansion, score, control/contraction, and construction. Each type serves different purposes.

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Isolation/Expansion Joints

Isolation/expansion joints are wider gaps that allow movement across three directions, separating adjacent sections of concrete.

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Control/Contraction Joints

Control/contraction joints are weaker planes within concrete that control cracking by directing it to predetermined locations.

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Paving Control Joint Spacing

Control joints are typically spaced 2-3 times the thickness of the concrete slab in feet, ensuring adequate spacing for movement.

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Paving Reinforcing Materials (WWF/WWM)

Welded wire reinforcement (WWF/WWM) is used to strengthen concrete slabs, placed within the upper portion and avoiding direct contact with surfaces.

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Paving Reinforcing Materials (Rebar)

Reinforcing bars (rebar) are added to concrete to enhance its strength in resisting tension forces.

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Standard Wood Sizes

Wood sizes are usually expressed as nominal sizes (unfinished dimensions) that are larger than the actual dimensions. For wood 1" or less, the actual size is ¼" smaller. For wood over 1" to 7", the actual size is ½" smaller. For wood 8" or larger, the actual size is ¾" smaller.

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Pressure Treated Wood

Pressure-treated wood uses preservatives to make wood more resistant to rot, decay, and insect damage, extending its lifespan in outdoor applications.

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Types of Preservatives

Pressure-treated wood uses different types of preservatives, including waterborne, oil-type, and creosote. Waterborne and oil-type are preferred for most applications, while creosote should be avoided in areas where people might come into contact due to potential health risks.

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Wood Terminology: KD

KD stands for 'Kiln Dried', signifying wood that has been dried in a kiln to reduce moisture content and prevent warping or cracking.

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Wood Terminology: CCA

CCA stands for 'Chromated Copper Arsenate', a type of preservative that was once widely used but is now often avoided due to environmental concerns.

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Wood Terminology: Boards, Lumber, Timbers

These terms refer to wood members classified by thickness. Boards are 2 inches wide and less than 2 inches thick, lumber is 1 to 5 inches thick, and timbers are greater than 5 inches thick (finished nominal dimension).

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Wood Terminology: Rough vs. Surfaced

Rough wood is unfinished, while surfaced wood is planed smooth for a consistent thickness. S2S refers to Surface 2 Sides, and S4S refers to Surface Four Sides.

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Sustainable Wood Design

Sustainable wood design emphasizes reusing and recycling wood to minimize waste and environmental impacts. It focuses on building with wood that can be deconstructed and reused rather than demolished and landfilled.

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Study Notes

Sustainable Design Principles

  • Sustainable design meets current needs without harming future generations' ability to meet theirs.
  • Three key factors for successful sustainable design: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle; Reuse is the preferred choice.
  • Three primary strategies to reduce resource use and protect the environment: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle; with Reuse being the first choice.

Reducing Resource Use

  • Reduce, reuse, and recycle landscape construction materials.
    • Use existing site materials.
    • Use bio-based materials for reuse or recycling.
    • Reprocess materials like concrete and asphalt into aggregates or slag.

Albedo

  • Albedo is the reflectivity of a surface, measuring the amount of solar radiation it reflects.
  • High albedo surfaces reflect more solar energy, potentially mitigating the urban heat island effect, but can cause glare.
  • Dark colors have low albedo; using lighter colors or altering surface composition can increase albedo.

Accessibility and Universal Design

  • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) focuses on disability accessibility; Universal Design aims for all-ability usability.
  • Accessible paths have a longitudinal slope of 5% or less (1:20) and a cross slope of 2% or less (1:48).
  • Ramps require a slope between 8.33% (1:12) and greater than 5% (max run length is 30 feet between each landing).

Steps and Handrails

  • Minimum and maximum step sizes are regulated: risers between 4 and 7 inches, treads at least 11 inches; a recommended tread-to-riser ratio is 2:1.
  • Exterior steps typically have treads between 10 and 12 inches deep and risers between 6 and 8 inches high.
  • Handrails are required on stairs with 5 or more risers and on both sides of ramps with a rise greater than 6 inches.
  • Handrails extend 12 inches beyond step treads at top and bottom.
  • Open risers, spiral stairs, and uneven steps/treads are not allowed for exterior use.

Infrastructure

  • Grey infrastructure collects, conveys, and disposes of water; Green infrastructure collects, infiltrates, and treats it.
  • Common green infrastructure systems include flow-through planters, bioswales, detention/retention areas, rain gardens, and green roofs.
  • Infiltration systems should never be installed directly against buildings; typically, a 10-foot setback is required.

Materials

  • Igneous rocks (e.g., granite) are formed by cooling magma; Sedimentary rocks form from sediment; Metamorphic rocks result from heat and pressure.
  • Flexible pavements distribute loads via multiple layers; Rigid pavements rely primarily on the bottom layer.
  • Flexible pavements are used for parking lots and driveways; rigid pavements are used in areas with heavy loads.
  • Aggregate paving layers include (from top down) the paver layer, bedding course, base course, subbase, and sub-subbase.
  • Masonry sand is for mortar or setting beds (not joint fillers); Concrete sand is preferred for joint filler and setting beds, especially for precast concrete pavers.
  • Open-graded aggregates have less than 15% fines, clear/washed aggregates have no fines or contaminants.
  • Sustainable non-stone aggregates include recycled glass, slag, wood chips, pine needles, coconut coir, and seashells.
  • Woven geotextiles (polypropylene/polyester filaments) are used for erosion control/separation; nonwoven geotextiles are highly permeable and used for separation/filtration.
  • Edge restraints prevent flexible paver materials from shifting and failing.
  • Edge restraints are not needed where pavers butt against concrete walls, steps, or fixed curbs.

Design & Construction

  • The site analysis phase gathers information about the site's opportunities and constraints.
  • Design development allocates the majority of time and fees.
  • Site inventory and analysis involves collecting data and identifying opportunities and constraints.
  • Schematic and conceptual design involves exploring design concepts and material choices.
  • Design development refines specifications and planting plans.
  • Construction documents represent the final design details.
  • Materials plans and schedules include materials pertinent to design intent.
  • Site layout methods include baseline, running, angular, offset, and coordinate methods.
  • Paving joints force cracking out of sight and maintain structural integrity.
  • Improper joints can lead to cracking, shifting, and overloading.
  • Paving joints include isolation/expansion, score, control/contraction, and construction joints.
  • Control joints are spaced approximately 2-3 times the slab thickness apart.
  • Paving reinforcement materials include WWF/WWM (placed in the upper 1/3-1/2 of slab thickness) and rebar.
  • Isolation joints are required at vertical structures, different paving materials, unsymmetrical intersections, ramps/steps (usually at top and bottom), footings, and other locations where differential movement might occur; and NOT where abutting a plant bed, aggregate paving, or permeable paving.

Wood Products

  • Softwoods (e.g., Douglas fir) are frequently used for exterior construction; hardwoods are mostly used for interior.
  • Concerns about wood include deforestation impacting carbon emissions and the slow replacement of some species.
  • Some woods (e.g., cedar) are naturally resistant to insects and rot.
  • Standard wood dimensions vary; measurements for 1" or less are ¼" smaller than nominal; over 1" to 7" are ½" smaller; over 8" are ¾" smaller than nominal.
  • Wood preservatives (e.g., waterborne or oil-type) offer rot and insect resistance; creosote should be avoided in human contact areas.
  • Wood terminology includes KD (kiln-dried), CCA (chromated copper arsenate), boards, lumber, timbers, various finishes, and replacement products like thermally modified wood or composite materials.
  • Wood can be reused for paths, railings, or mulch and recycled (e.g., TREX). Sustainable wood design prioritizes deconstruction and reuse where applicable.

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Test your knowledge on the principles of sustainable design and their impact on resource use and the environment. This quiz covers key concepts such as reducing, reusing, recycling, and the significance of albedo in design. Challenge yourself to understand how sustainable practices can benefit future generations.

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