Introduction to Surveying

Study Notes

Surveying is the technique and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them.
It also determines the relative positions of these points to a reference datum
It is a critical part of engineering and construction projects.

Planning and reconnaissance: This involves determining the scope of work, identifying potential problems, and selecting appropriate surveying methods.
Fieldwork: This involves collecting data in the field using various surveying instruments. Fieldwork operations may include establishing control points, measuring distances and angles, and recording data for elevation or topography.
Data processing: This is the stage where the collected field data is processed and adjusted, resulting in accurate and consistent measurements and coordinates.
Mapping and analysis: This involves creating maps, drawings, and other graphical representations of the surveyed area.

Cadastral maps show the boundaries of properties.
They define the extent of land ownership and are essential for land administration, property transactions, and legal purposes.

Photogrammetry is a technique of obtaining reliable measurements from photographs.

Geodetic surveys consider the curvature of the Earth
Plane surveys assume the Earth is flat and are generally used for smaller areas.

The primary object of surveying is the preparation of plans for construction, design, and infrastructure development.
Precise surveys are necessary for ensuring accuracy and compatibility in the design and execution of construction projects.

The groma was one of the earliest surveying instruments developed by the Greeks
This instrument uses a simple wooden frame with plumb bobs to establish right angles and measure distances.

Topographic surveys gather data to prepare maps showing natural and man-made features.
These surveys are essential for land-use planning, environmental studies, and infrastructure development.

Boundary surveying focuses on establishing property corners and boundaries.
This type of surveying involves identifying, marking, and recording property lines.
It is crucial for land ownership determination, property transfer, and legal disputes.