Survey Techniques in Engineering
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Survey Techniques in Engineering

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of a merchet?

  • To measure time and meridian (correct)
  • To measure angles in surveying
  • To create field sketches
  • To establish horizontal planes

    • Which instrument is commonly used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane?

  • Total Station
  • Sextant
  • Dumpy Level (correct)
  • Merchet

    • What type of information is NOT typically included in field notes?

  • List of equipment used
  • Personal opinions of the surveyor (correct)
  • Time of the day and date
  • Detailed measurements taken

    • Which of the following instruments can be classified as both manual and automatic?

    <p>Theodolite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the instrumentman in a survey party?

    <p>Operates and levels surveying instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of incorrect or incomplete field notes?

    <p>Wastage of time, money, and effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of field note?

    <p>Experiential notes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for the field notes to allow correct interpretation of the gathered data?

    <p>They should be complete and correctly formatted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of survey is primarily focused on determining the shape of the ground and the elevation of features?

    <p>Topographic Surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary use of mine surveys?

    <p>To calculate excavated volumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution did Galileo make to the field of surveying instruments?

    <p>Constructed a refracting telescope for astronomical observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of photogrammetric surveys?

    <p>They provide accurate photographs for mapping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which survey technique is used to plan the layout of highways and railroads?

    <p>Route Surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an astrolabe in surveying?

    <p>To determine angles and distances by proportion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following contexts is industrial surveying utilized?

    <p>Construction of heavy machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surveying instrument is credited with significantly advancing early surveying techniques through the introduction of cross hairs?

    <p>Telescope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary purpose do transit levels serve?

    <p>Surveying and building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument was used to lay-off angles and establish lines of sight?

    <p>Semicircumferentor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary duty of the computer in a field work operation?

    <p>To perform computations of survey data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role is responsible for ensuring that electronic instruments are functioning properly and calibrated?

    <p>Technician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a plane table from a theodolite?

    <p>It is more suitable for small scale surveys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary function of the Roman groma?

    <p>Aligning or sighting points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is tasked with holding the stadia rod when sights are taken?

    <p>Rodman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of a vernier?

    <p>Measuring exact linear dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of the head tapeman during a surveying operation?

    <p>To ensure the accuracy and speed of linear measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is equivalent to 1 nautical mile?

    <p>1852.47 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a chorobates establish a horizontal line?

    <p>By leveling a bar with water in a groove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of Gunter's chain?

    <p>It is used for taping distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles is responsible for checking linear measurements made by the tapeman?

    <p>Pacer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of 1 acre in square feet?

    <p>43,560 sq.ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a compass in surveying?

    <p>To find direction using magnetic north.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement unit is not commonly used in surveying?

    <p>Kelvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement system defines 1 circle as 400 grads?

    <p>Centesimal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by precision in measurements?

    <p>Closeness of repeated measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the laws of probability, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Small errors occur more frequently than large errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of error is caused by environmental factors during measurement?

    <p>Systematic error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angle measurement does 1 circle correspond to in radians?

    <p>6.28 radians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes mistakes in measurements?

    <p>They are caused by carelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In surveying, what term describes the difference between the true value and the measured value?

    <p>Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a military system measurement?

    <p>1 circle = 6400 mils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Industrial Surveys

    • Utilizes surveying techniques for accurate dimensional layouts in ship building, construction, aircraft assembly, heavy machinery installation, and other industries.
    • Also known as optical tooling.

    Mine Surveys

    • Determine the position of underground excavations and surface mine structures.
    • Fix surface boundaries of mining claims.
    • Establish geological formations.
    • Calculate excavated volumes.
    • Establish lines and grades for other mining work.

    Photogrammetric Surveys

    • Uses photographs taken from airplanes or ground stations.
    • Measurements are obtained from photographs and used with ground surveys.
    • Examples include Google Earth and Google Maps.

    Route Surveys

    • Determine alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, and location of natural and artificial objects.
    • Used in planning, designing, and constructing highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.

    Topographic Surveys

    • Determine the shape of the ground and the location and elevation of features, including natural objects (hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, relief of the ground surface) and man-made structures (roads, buildings, ports, towns, municipalities, and bridges).

    Astrolabe

    • Metal circle with a pointer hinged at its center.
    • Has a cross staff (wooden rod with an adjustable crossarm).
    • Designed for determining the altitude of stars and for navigation.

    Telescope

    • Invented in 1607 by Lippershey, used to form magnified images of distant objects.
    • Galileo constructed a refracting telescope in 1609 for astronomical observations.
    • Early surveying instruments started using telescopes after crosshairs were introduced to fix the line of sight.

    Transit

    • Optical instrument (telescope) mounted on a tripod, with a built-in spirit level.
    • Mainly used for surveying and building, but also for determining the relative position of lines and objects.

    Semicircumferentor

    • Early surveying instrument used for laying off angles and establishing lines of sight by employing peep sights.

    Plane Table

    • One of the oldest field mapping instruments.
    • Simple, cheaper than Theodolite survey, but suitable for small-scale surveys.

    Dioptra

    • Combination of a Theodolite and a chorobate.
    • Used for precise measurement of horizontal, vertical, and angular distances.

    Roman Groma

    • Used for aligning or sighting points.
    • Consisted of cross arms fixed at right angles and pivoted eccentrically upon a vertical staff.

    Libella

    • Leveling instrument used in ancient Roman construction, similar to a modern spirit level.
    • Had an A-frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex, used to determine the horizontal.

    Vernier

    • Calipers used to measure the distance between objects.
    • Measure both internal and external dimensions accurately.
    • Used for exact linear measurements in various fields.

    Diopter

    • Used for leveling, laying off right angles, and measuring horizontal leveling.

    Compass

    • Used in navigation to find direction on the earth.
    • Contains a magnetized steel needle mounted on a pivot at the center of a graduated circle.
    • The needle points toward magnetic north and provides a reading based on the position of the graduated circle.

    Gunter's Chain

    • Used for taping distances.
    • 66 ft. long and contains 100 links, allowing distances to be recorded in chains and decimal parts.
    • Each link is 0.66 ft (7.92 inches) long.

    Chorobates

    • Designed for leveling work.
    • Horizontal straight edge about 6 meters long with supporting legs.
    • Water is poured into a groove on top, and when the bar is leveled the water stays even, establishing a horizontal line.

    Merchet

    • Used for measuring time and meridian.
    • Sight through a slot and past a plumb bob string to project a straight line.

    Automatic Level

    • Optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane.
    • Used in surveying and building with a vertical staff to measure height differences and transfer, measure, and set heights.

    Theodolite (Manual and Automatic)

    • Modern surveying instrument used for precision measurement of angles in horizontal and vertical planes.
    • Used mainly for surveying applications but adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology and rocket launch technology.

    Total Station

    • Electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction.

    Surveying Field Notes

    • Essential for reliable and permanent record of work in the field.
    • Incorrect or incomplete notes waste time, money, and effort.
    • Should be recorded in a conventional format, not according to the field surveyor's preference.

    Types of Field Notes

    • Sketches
    • Tabulations
    • Explanatory notes
    • Computations
    • Combination of the above

    Information Found in Field Notebook

    • Title of fieldwork or project name.
    • Time of day and date.
    • Weather conditions.
    • Names of group members and their designations.
    • List of equipment.

    The Field Survey Party

    • Chief of Party: responsible for overall direction, supervision, and operational control.
    • Assistant Chief of Party: assists the Chief of Party, takes over duties during their absence.
    • Instrumentman: sets up, levels, and operates surveying instruments such as transits, engineer's levels, theodolites, sextants, plane tables, and alidades.
    • Technician: operates and manages electronic instruments.
    • Computer: performs all computations of survey data and works out computational checks.
    • Recorder: records sketches, drawings, measurements, and observations.
    • Head Tapeman: responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape, determines and directs the marking of stations.
    • Rear Tapeman: assists the Head Tapeman.
    • Flagman: holds the flagpole or range pole at points directed by the Instrumentman.
    • Rodman: holds the stadia or leveling rod for taking sights.
    • Pacer: checks all linear measurements made by the Tapeman.
    • Axeman/Lineman: clears the line of sight of obstructions (trees, brush, etc.) in wooded areas.
    • Aidman: provides first aid treatment to members of the survey party.
    • Utility Men: render other forms of assistance as needed.

    Theory of Errors and Measurements

    • Major Measurements in Surveying:

      • Length
      • Area
      • Angle
      • Volume

    • Units of Length:

      • 1 foot = 12 inches
      • 1 yard = 3 feet
      • 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
      • 1 meter = 39.37 inches
      • 1 rod = 16.5 feet
      • 1 Gunter's chain (ch) = 66 feet = 100 links (lk) = 4 rods
      • 1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 km
      • 1 nautical mile = 6076.10 feet = 1852.47 meters (assuming radius of the earth is 6,371 km)
      • 1 fathom = 6 feet

    • Units of Area:

      • 1 acre = 43,560 sq.ft = 4047 sq.m
      • 1 hectare = 2.47 acres
      • 1 sq.mile = 2.59 sq.km

    • Units of Angle:

      • Sexagesimal System (degree, minute, seconds)
        • 1 circle = 360 degrees
        • 1 degree = 60 minutes
        • 1 minute = 60 seconds
      • Centesimal system
        • 1 circle = 400 grads = 400 gons = 400 centesimal degrees
        • 1 grad = 1 gon = 1 centesimal degree = 100 centesimal minutes
        • 1 centesimal minute = 60 centesimal seconds
      • Circular system
        • 1 circle = 6.28 radians
        • Pi = 3.14 radians
        • Ensure calculator is in radian mode when using Pi for angle computations.
      • Military system
        • 1 circle = 6400 mils

    Precision and Accuracy

    • Precision: Degree of closeness or conformity of repeated measurements of the same quantity to each other.
    • Accuracy: Degree of conformity of a measurement to its true value.

    Theory of Probability

    • Probability is the likelihood of something occurring.
    • Useful in identifying the precision of results and accidental errors.
    • Based on assumptions about the occurrences of error:
      • Small errors occur more frequently than large ones.
      • Large errors happen infrequently.
      • Positive and negative errors of the same size occur with equal frequency.
      • The mean of an infinite number of observations is the most probable value.

    Error Types

    • Error: Difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.

    • Mistakes: Inaccuracies in measurements caused by carelessness, poor judgment, or improper execution.

    • Types of Errors:

      • Systematic Errors: Caused by surveying equipment, observation methods, and environmental factors. Consistent magnitude and direction under the same conditions.
        • Examples: instrument errors, calibration errors, errors in taping due to temperature.
      • Accidental or Random Errors: Unpredictable, caused by factors beyond the surveyor's control. Occurrence, magnitude, and direction are unpredictable.
        • Examples: sudden gusts of wind, changes in the temperature of the survey tape, accidental misreading of the instrument.

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    Description

    Explore various surveying techniques such as industrial, mine, photogrammetric, route, and topographic surveys. Each method plays a crucial role in construction, mining, and planning of infrastructure projects. Test your understanding of their applications and significance in engineering disciplines.

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