Survey Techniques in Engineering
40 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of a merchet?

  • To measure time and meridian (correct)
  • To measure angles in surveying
  • To create field sketches
  • To establish horizontal planes

    • Which instrument is commonly used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane?

  • Total Station
  • Sextant
  • Dumpy Level (correct)
  • Merchet

    • What type of information is NOT typically included in field notes?

  • List of equipment used
  • Personal opinions of the surveyor (correct)
  • Time of the day and date
  • Detailed measurements taken

    • Which of the following instruments can be classified as both manual and automatic?

    <p>Theodolite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the instrumentman in a survey party?

    <p>Operates and levels surveying instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of incorrect or incomplete field notes?

    <p>Wastage of time, money, and effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of field note?

    <p>Experiential notes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for the field notes to allow correct interpretation of the gathered data?

    <p>They should be complete and correctly formatted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of survey is primarily focused on determining the shape of the ground and the elevation of features?

    <p>Topographic Surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary use of mine surveys?

    <p>To calculate excavated volumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution did Galileo make to the field of surveying instruments?

    <p>Constructed a refracting telescope for astronomical observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of photogrammetric surveys?

    <p>They provide accurate photographs for mapping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which survey technique is used to plan the layout of highways and railroads?

    <p>Route Surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an astrolabe in surveying?

    <p>To determine angles and distances by proportion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following contexts is industrial surveying utilized?

    <p>Construction of heavy machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surveying instrument is credited with significantly advancing early surveying techniques through the introduction of cross hairs?

    <p>Telescope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary purpose do transit levels serve?

    <p>Surveying and building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument was used to lay-off angles and establish lines of sight?

    <p>Semicircumferentor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary duty of the computer in a field work operation?

    <p>To perform computations of survey data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role is responsible for ensuring that electronic instruments are functioning properly and calibrated?

    <p>Technician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a plane table from a theodolite?

    <p>It is more suitable for small scale surveys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary function of the Roman groma?

    <p>Aligning or sighting points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is tasked with holding the stadia rod when sights are taken?

    <p>Rodman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of a vernier?

    <p>Measuring exact linear dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of the head tapeman during a surveying operation?

    <p>To ensure the accuracy and speed of linear measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is equivalent to 1 nautical mile?

    <p>1852.47 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a chorobates establish a horizontal line?

    <p>By leveling a bar with water in a groove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of Gunter's chain?

    <p>It is used for taping distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles is responsible for checking linear measurements made by the tapeman?

    <p>Pacer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of 1 acre in square feet?

    <p>43,560 sq.ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a compass in surveying?

    <p>To find direction using magnetic north.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement unit is not commonly used in surveying?

    <p>Kelvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement system defines 1 circle as 400 grads?

    <p>Centesimal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by precision in measurements?

    <p>Closeness of repeated measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the laws of probability, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Small errors occur more frequently than large errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of error is caused by environmental factors during measurement?

    <p>Systematic error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angle measurement does 1 circle correspond to in radians?

    <p>6.28 radians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes mistakes in measurements?

    <p>They are caused by carelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In surveying, what term describes the difference between the true value and the measured value?

    <p>Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a military system measurement?

    <p>1 circle = 6400 mils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Industrial Surveys

    • Utilizes surveying techniques for accurate dimensional layouts in ship building, construction, aircraft assembly, heavy machinery installation, and other industries.
    • Also known as optical tooling.

    Mine Surveys

    • Determine the position of underground excavations and surface mine structures.
    • Fix surface boundaries of mining claims.
    • Establish geological formations.
    • Calculate excavated volumes.
    • Establish lines and grades for other mining work.

    Photogrammetric Surveys

    • Uses photographs taken from airplanes or ground stations.
    • Measurements are obtained from photographs and used with ground surveys.
    • Examples include Google Earth and Google Maps.

    Route Surveys

    • Determine alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, and location of natural and artificial objects.
    • Used in planning, designing, and constructing highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.

    Topographic Surveys

    • Determine the shape of the ground and the location and elevation of features, including natural objects (hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, relief of the ground surface) and man-made structures (roads, buildings, ports, towns, municipalities, and bridges).

    Astrolabe

    • Metal circle with a pointer hinged at its center.
    • Has a cross staff (wooden rod with an adjustable crossarm).
    • Designed for determining the altitude of stars and for navigation.

    Telescope

    • Invented in 1607 by Lippershey, used to form magnified images of distant objects.
    • Galileo constructed a refracting telescope in 1609 for astronomical observations.
    • Early surveying instruments started using telescopes after crosshairs were introduced to fix the line of sight.

    Transit

    • Optical instrument (telescope) mounted on a tripod, with a built-in spirit level.
    • Mainly used for surveying and building, but also for determining the relative position of lines and objects.

    Semicircumferentor

    • Early surveying instrument used for laying off angles and establishing lines of sight by employing peep sights.

    Plane Table

    • One of the oldest field mapping instruments.
    • Simple, cheaper than Theodolite survey, but suitable for small-scale surveys.

    Dioptra

    • Combination of a Theodolite and a chorobate.
    • Used for precise measurement of horizontal, vertical, and angular distances.

    Roman Groma

    • Used for aligning or sighting points.
    • Consisted of cross arms fixed at right angles and pivoted eccentrically upon a vertical staff.

    Libella

    • Leveling instrument used in ancient Roman construction, similar to a modern spirit level.
    • Had an A-frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex, used to determine the horizontal.

    Vernier

    • Calipers used to measure the distance between objects.
    • Measure both internal and external dimensions accurately.
    • Used for exact linear measurements in various fields.

    Diopter

    • Used for leveling, laying off right angles, and measuring horizontal leveling.

    Compass

    • Used in navigation to find direction on the earth.
    • Contains a magnetized steel needle mounted on a pivot at the center of a graduated circle.
    • The needle points toward magnetic north and provides a reading based on the position of the graduated circle.

    Gunter's Chain

    • Used for taping distances.
    • 66 ft. long and contains 100 links, allowing distances to be recorded in chains and decimal parts.
    • Each link is 0.66 ft (7.92 inches) long.

    Chorobates

    • Designed for leveling work.
    • Horizontal straight edge about 6 meters long with supporting legs.
    • Water is poured into a groove on top, and when the bar is leveled the water stays even, establishing a horizontal line.

    Merchet

    • Used for measuring time and meridian.
    • Sight through a slot and past a plumb bob string to project a straight line.

    Automatic Level

    • Optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane.
    • Used in surveying and building with a vertical staff to measure height differences and transfer, measure, and set heights.

    Theodolite (Manual and Automatic)

    • Modern surveying instrument used for precision measurement of angles in horizontal and vertical planes.
    • Used mainly for surveying applications but adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology and rocket launch technology.

    Total Station

    • Electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction.

    Surveying Field Notes

    • Essential for reliable and permanent record of work in the field.
    • Incorrect or incomplete notes waste time, money, and effort.
    • Should be recorded in a conventional format, not according to the field surveyor's preference.

    Types of Field Notes

    • Sketches
    • Tabulations
    • Explanatory notes
    • Computations
    • Combination of the above

    Information Found in Field Notebook

    • Title of fieldwork or project name.
    • Time of day and date.
    • Weather conditions.
    • Names of group members and their designations.
    • List of equipment.

    The Field Survey Party

    • Chief of Party: responsible for overall direction, supervision, and operational control.
    • Assistant Chief of Party: assists the Chief of Party, takes over duties during their absence.
    • Instrumentman: sets up, levels, and operates surveying instruments such as transits, engineer's levels, theodolites, sextants, plane tables, and alidades.
    • Technician: operates and manages electronic instruments.
    • Computer: performs all computations of survey data and works out computational checks.
    • Recorder: records sketches, drawings, measurements, and observations.
    • Head Tapeman: responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape, determines and directs the marking of stations.
    • Rear Tapeman: assists the Head Tapeman.
    • Flagman: holds the flagpole or range pole at points directed by the Instrumentman.
    • Rodman: holds the stadia or leveling rod for taking sights.
    • Pacer: checks all linear measurements made by the Tapeman.
    • Axeman/Lineman: clears the line of sight of obstructions (trees, brush, etc.) in wooded areas.
    • Aidman: provides first aid treatment to members of the survey party.
    • Utility Men: render other forms of assistance as needed.

    Theory of Errors and Measurements

    • Major Measurements in Surveying:

      • Length
      • Area
      • Angle
      • Volume

    • Units of Length:

      • 1 foot = 12 inches
      • 1 yard = 3 feet
      • 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
      • 1 meter = 39.37 inches
      • 1 rod = 16.5 feet
      • 1 Gunter's chain (ch) = 66 feet = 100 links (lk) = 4 rods
      • 1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 km
      • 1 nautical mile = 6076.10 feet = 1852.47 meters (assuming radius of the earth is 6,371 km)
      • 1 fathom = 6 feet

    • Units of Area:

      • 1 acre = 43,560 sq.ft = 4047 sq.m
      • 1 hectare = 2.47 acres
      • 1 sq.mile = 2.59 sq.km

    • Units of Angle:

      • Sexagesimal System (degree, minute, seconds)
        • 1 circle = 360 degrees
        • 1 degree = 60 minutes
        • 1 minute = 60 seconds
      • Centesimal system
        • 1 circle = 400 grads = 400 gons = 400 centesimal degrees
        • 1 grad = 1 gon = 1 centesimal degree = 100 centesimal minutes
        • 1 centesimal minute = 60 centesimal seconds
      • Circular system
        • 1 circle = 6.28 radians
        • Pi = 3.14 radians
        • Ensure calculator is in radian mode when using Pi for angle computations.
      • Military system
        • 1 circle = 6400 mils

    Precision and Accuracy

    • Precision: Degree of closeness or conformity of repeated measurements of the same quantity to each other.
    • Accuracy: Degree of conformity of a measurement to its true value.

    Theory of Probability

    • Probability is the likelihood of something occurring.
    • Useful in identifying the precision of results and accidental errors.
    • Based on assumptions about the occurrences of error:
      • Small errors occur more frequently than large ones.
      • Large errors happen infrequently.
      • Positive and negative errors of the same size occur with equal frequency.
      • The mean of an infinite number of observations is the most probable value.

    Error Types

    • Error: Difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.

    • Mistakes: Inaccuracies in measurements caused by carelessness, poor judgment, or improper execution.

    • Types of Errors:

      • Systematic Errors: Caused by surveying equipment, observation methods, and environmental factors. Consistent magnitude and direction under the same conditions.
        • Examples: instrument errors, calibration errors, errors in taping due to temperature.
      • Accidental or Random Errors: Unpredictable, caused by factors beyond the surveyor's control. Occurrence, magnitude, and direction are unpredictable.
        • Examples: sudden gusts of wind, changes in the temperature of the survey tape, accidental misreading of the instrument.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Fundamentals of Surveying CE-FOS212 PDF

    Description

    Explore various surveying techniques such as industrial, mine, photogrammetric, route, and topographic surveys. Each method plays a crucial role in construction, mining, and planning of infrastructure projects. Test your understanding of their applications and significance in engineering disciplines.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser