Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of fixed design often looks at many more variables than an experiment or quasi-experiment?
What type of fixed design often looks at many more variables than an experiment or quasi-experiment?
- Single case design
- Experimental design
- Quasi-experimental design
- Non-experimental fixed design (correct)
Which type of non-experimental fixed design might examine the relationship between physician age and type of care received?
Which type of non-experimental fixed design might examine the relationship between physician age and type of care received?
- Longitudinal design
- Comparative design
- Relational design (correct)
- Cross-sectional survey
What type of design gives a picture of something at one point in time and looks at many variables at once?
What type of design gives a picture of something at one point in time and looks at many variables at once?
- Cross-sectional survey (correct)
- Experimental design
- Longitudinal design
- Comparative design
Which type of scaling is the most common for responses?
Which type of scaling is the most common for responses?
What is the purpose of pilot testing in research?
What is the purpose of pilot testing in research?
What is the main difference between a highly structured survey and a flexible survey?
What is the main difference between a highly structured survey and a flexible survey?
What is the purpose of the multitrait-multimethod matrix approach in research?
What is the purpose of the multitrait-multimethod matrix approach in research?
What is the main concern when a measurement is valid but not reliable?
What is the main concern when a measurement is valid but not reliable?
What does a floor effect and a ceiling effect indicate in research?
What does a floor effect and a ceiling effect indicate in research?
What is the purpose of conducting interviews in research?
What is the purpose of conducting interviews in research?
What is the primary reason for using a multitrait-multimethod matrix approach in research?
What is the primary reason for using a multitrait-multimethod matrix approach in research?
Which type of survey method is good for non-threatening situations and fast data collection?
Which type of survey method is good for non-threatening situations and fast data collection?
What is the primary concern regarding the value of surveys according to researchers?
What is the primary concern regarding the value of surveys according to researchers?
What does generalizability reflect in a study?
What does generalizability reflect in a study?
What is a crucial factor in determining whether to use a sample or census approach?
What is a crucial factor in determining whether to use a sample or census approach?
What is important to ensure when determining the sample size for a study?
What is important to ensure when determining the sample size for a study?
What is power analysis crucial for in research studies?
What is power analysis crucial for in research studies?
What does power analysis help to avoid in research studies?
What does power analysis help to avoid in research studies?
What is a sampling plan primarily focused on?
What is a sampling plan primarily focused on?
What is the primary purpose of a sampling frame?
What is the primary purpose of a sampling frame?
What is the primary consideration in determining whether to use paper and pencil/online surveys?
What is the primary consideration in determining whether to use paper and pencil/online surveys?
What is a crucial factor in determining the appropriate sampling approach?
What is a crucial factor in determining the appropriate sampling approach?
What is a key consideration in determining the sample size for a study?
What is a key consideration in determining the sample size for a study?
What does reliability measure in social science research?
What does reliability measure in social science research?
What does a reliability estimate ranging from 0 to 1 indicate?
What does a reliability estimate ranging from 0 to 1 indicate?
What is participative leadership characterized by?
What is participative leadership characterized by?
What does construct validity concern in social science research?
What does construct validity concern in social science research?
What does criterion-related validity examine?
What does criterion-related validity examine?
What statistical technique is used to uncover the underlying structure and dimensionality of constructs?
What statistical technique is used to uncover the underlying structure and dimensionality of constructs?
How can the dimensionality of a construct be assessed?
How can the dimensionality of a construct be assessed?
What is Cronbach’s alpha used to establish?
What is Cronbach’s alpha used to establish?
How can reliability be estimated in experimental and quasi designs?
How can reliability be estimated in experimental and quasi designs?
What is involved in establishing construct validity?
What is involved in establishing construct validity?
What was used to develop a self-report measure of clinicians’ orientation toward integrative medicine?
What was used to develop a self-report measure of clinicians’ orientation toward integrative medicine?
What is challenging and requires assessing face and content validity, as well as a relational approach?
What is challenging and requires assessing face and content validity, as well as a relational approach?
Which method can be used to estimate the reliability of survey measures?
Which method can be used to estimate the reliability of survey measures?
What is the recommended data collection period with reminders for surveys?
What is the recommended data collection period with reminders for surveys?
What is the most important aspect of good survey measures?
What is the most important aspect of good survey measures?
What should good questionnaire measures ensure in relation to respondents' knowledge or experience?
What should good questionnaire measures ensure in relation to respondents' knowledge or experience?
What is essential for ensuring the quality of survey measures?
What is essential for ensuring the quality of survey measures?
What is important for behavior-focused questions in surveys?
What is important for behavior-focused questions in surveys?
What should the length of a survey be tailored to?
What should the length of a survey be tailored to?
What should good response options in surveys be?
What should good response options in surveys be?
What should be avoided in survey questions to ensure clarity?
What should be avoided in survey questions to ensure clarity?
What is important for the ability to generalize findings from surveys?
What is important for the ability to generalize findings from surveys?
What should be considered in survey follow-up procedures?
What should be considered in survey follow-up procedures?
What should good questionnaire measures ensure in relation to language?
What should good questionnaire measures ensure in relation to language?
What is the primary purpose of power calculation in research studies?
What is the primary purpose of power calculation in research studies?
In probability sampling, what does it allow for?
In probability sampling, what does it allow for?
What is the primary purpose of cluster sampling?
What is the primary purpose of cluster sampling?
What is a key consideration for enhancing survey response rates?
What is a key consideration for enhancing survey response rates?
What is a primary role of confidentiality in survey development?
What is a primary role of confidentiality in survey development?
What should cover letters for surveys include?
What should cover letters for surveys include?
What can incentives be used for in survey research?
What can incentives be used for in survey research?
What is important to consider when designing research studies?
What is important to consider when designing research studies?
What is crucial for generalizability in research?
What is crucial for generalizability in research?
What plays essential roles in survey development?
What plays essential roles in survey development?
What is a characteristic of non-probability sampling methods?
What is a characteristic of non-probability sampling methods?
What are types of probability samples?
What are types of probability samples?
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Study Notes
Survey Follow-up Procedures and Questionnaire Measures
- The follow-up procedures for surveys involve sending multiple mailings and tracking all correspondence carefully.
- Web-based surveys have different issues including shorter timelines, email address accuracy, and differences in attention to email vs. mail survey invitations.
- It is recommended to avoid conducting surveys during Christmas and summer holiday times, and data collection with reminders typically takes at least 2 months.
- The ability to generalize findings from surveys depends on how the sample is chosen and the response rates, including any non-response bias.
- Good questionnaire measures should be clear, easy to recall, and relevant to the respondents' knowledge or experience, ensuring validity and variability.
- The length of the survey should be tailored to the audience, using simple, unambiguous language and avoiding double-barreled or leading questions.
- Specific reference frames, sensitivity, and explicitness about personal feelings should be considered, while avoiding prestige bias and asking for personal details in a sensitive way.
- Behavior-focused questions are important for measuring what people say they do, and good response options should be accurate, exhaustive, mutually exclusive, and on the same dimension.
- New and existing measures have their advantages and disadvantages, such as the ability to compare data with existing measures but potential limitations in meeting specific needs.
- The two most important aspects of good measures are reliability and construct validity, which involve measuring consistency and ensuring that what is measured aligns with the intended construct.
- Reliability reflects the consistency of measurement across different situations and times, and it is estimated through various methods such as Cronbach's alpha and split halves reliability.
- Good psychometrics, including reliability and validity, are essential for ensuring the quality of survey measures.
Research Methods and Survey Design
- Power calculation is crucial in determining the appropriate sample size for a study, with 80% power being a rule of thumb for detecting relationships.
- Probability sampling allows for generalization from the sample to the population, while non-probability sampling does not.
- Types of probability samples include simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling, each with specific applications.
- Non-probability sampling methods include convenience, dimensional, purposive, and snowball sampling.
- Cluster sampling is used when a complete list of the population is not available, and random sampling would be too costly.
- Generalizability in research requires considerations of the sampling frame, sample representation, and respondent representation.
- Enhancing survey response rates is critical for increasing generalizability and can be achieved through various survey design and administration strategies.
- Survey design and layout, pretesting, and confidentiality or anonymity play essential roles in survey development.
- Confidentiality in surveys may raise concerns about data usage, while anonymity can encourage honest responses.
- Cover letters for surveys should include specific details about the study, purpose, risks, benefits, privacy, and participant responsibilities.
- Incentives can be used to increase survey response rates and participant engagement.
- It is important to consider the potential benefits and drawbacks of different survey methods and sampling techniques when designing research studies.
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