36 Questions
Which factor poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?
Interaction between three factors
Where are nosocomial infections acquired?
Hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare facilities
What type of bacteria commonly causes surgical infections?
Gram-positive aerobic cocci
What is the abbreviation F.I.C.M.S. ( FM ) related to?
Fellowship of the Islamic College of Medical Sciences (Family Medicine)
Which method describes the entry of infection through minute skin abrasions after contact with spilled infectious bodily fluids?
Direct skin inoculation
What is the procedure designed to minimize transmission by identifying potentially infected (infectious) patients by risk factors?
Identifying potentially infected patients by risk factors
What is recommended for careful disposal in the context of minimizing transmission?
Careful disposal of disposable items related to patient care
How are prions transferred according to the text?
Transfer of infection by fomites
What is involved in specific treatment for minimizing transmission?
Specific treatment and sterilization of non-disposable equipment
What is recommended for identifying infected (infectious) patients?
Identify infected patients by serology
How can infectious patients be identified according to the text?
Identify infected patients by serology
What is a method for minimizing transmission according to the text?
Identifying potentially infected patients by risk factors
Which antibiotic is S. epidermidis mostly resistant to?
Penicillin
What antibiotic are all streptococci sensitive to?
Penicillin
Which bacterium causes gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfingens
Which bacteria are major causes of urinary tract infection (UTI) and surgical site infection (SSI) after bowel operations?
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Proteus
What are hospital-acquired infections (HAI) defined as?
Infections acquired in the hospital environment or from medical staff during admission
What are the types of HAI mentioned in the text?
Respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, bacteraemia, and surgical site infection (SSI)
When does a minor SSI occur?
When a wound discharges little pus and is not associated with systemic signs of inflammation.
Which antibiotic are Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli such as Bacteroides fragilis sensitive to?
Metronidazole
What form do S. epidermidis bacteria typically take?
Clumps
What type of bacilli cause tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
Which antibiotic are S. epidermidis bacteria sensitive to?
Vancomycin
What antibiotic is indicated for allergic patients who are not responsive to penicillin for streptococci infection?
Erythromycin or cephalosporins
Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects the musculofascial layers?
Deep
Which of the following is a natural host defense against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
Macrophage activity
What is the source of infection in secondary Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
Exogenous, from outside the body
What is a principle of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
Removal of sutures when necessary
Which factor is considered a general risk factor for wound infection?
Age and malnutrition
What are signs and symptoms of wound infection?
Redness around the wound and swelling
What poses a risk for healthcare workers in terms of occupational infections?
Direct percutaneous inoculation
Which type of SSI affects abdominal and pelvic abscesses?
Organ space
What is a microbiology factor contributing to wound infections?
Antibiotic resistance
What is a local risk factor for wound infection?
Length of procedures
What is an example of a mechanical barrier that serves as a natural host defense against SSI?
Skin
Which type of infection can healthcare workers be at risk for?
Bloodborne
Study Notes
- Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the invasion of organisms to tissues after the host's defenses have been compromised.
- Types of SSI: superficial (skin), deep (musculofascial layers), and organ space (abdominal and pelvic abscesses).
- Natural host defenses include mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes), chemical (low gastric pH), cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), and humoral (antibodies).
- Sources of infection: primary (endogenous, from the host) and secondary (exogenous, from outside the body).
- Principles of treatment: use of antibiotics, removal of sutures when necessary, and draining abscesses.
- Risk factors for wound infection can be general (age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, obesity, underweight, diabetes, liver diseases, renal failure, and hypoxia) or local (type of surgery, length of procedures, presence of necrotic tissue, residual local malignancy, and ischemia).
- Microbiology factors, such as lack of antibiotic prophylaxis and virulence of organisms, also play a role in wound infections.
- Signs and symptoms of wound infection include spreading heat (warm skin), redness around the wound, pain, swelling, discharge, odor, and generalized weakness.
- Healthcare workers are at risk for occupational infections through direct percutaneous inoculation, such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds.
Test your knowledge about surgical site infections, including the types and definitions of these infections. Learn about superficial wound infection, deep wound infection, and organ space infections.
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