Surgical Site Infections

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Questions and Answers

Which factor poses a significant risk of nosocomial infections?

The availability of private patient rooms

The presence of specific antibiotics

The use of advanced surgical equipment

Interaction between three factors (correct)

Where are nosocomial infections acquired?

Hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare facilities (correct)

Shopping malls and markets

Public parks and recreational areas

Schools and universities

What type of bacteria commonly causes surgical infections?

Viral pathogens

Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli

Gram-positive aerobic cocci (correct)

Fungi and parasites

What is the abbreviation F.I.C.M.S. ( FM ) related to?

Fellowship of the Islamic College of Medical Sciences (Family Medicine) Signup and view all the answers

Which method describes the entry of infection through minute skin abrasions after contact with spilled infectious bodily fluids?

Direct skin inoculation Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure designed to minimize transmission by identifying potentially infected (infectious) patients by risk factors?

Identifying potentially infected patients by risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for careful disposal in the context of minimizing transmission?

Careful disposal of disposable items related to patient care Signup and view all the answers

How are prions transferred according to the text?

Transfer of infection by fomites Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in specific treatment for minimizing transmission?

Specific treatment and sterilization of non-disposable equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for identifying infected (infectious) patients?

Identify infected patients by serology Signup and view all the answers

How can infectious patients be identified according to the text?

Identify infected patients by serology Signup and view all the answers

What is a method for minimizing transmission according to the text?

Identifying potentially infected patients by risk factors Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is S. epidermidis mostly resistant to?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

What antibiotic are all streptococci sensitive to?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium causes gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfingens Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are major causes of urinary tract infection (UTI) and surgical site infection (SSI) after bowel operations?

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Proteus Signup and view all the answers

What are hospital-acquired infections (HAI) defined as?

Infections acquired in the hospital environment or from medical staff during admission Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of HAI mentioned in the text?

Respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, bacteraemia, and surgical site infection (SSI) Signup and view all the answers

When does a minor SSI occur?

When a wound discharges little pus and is not associated with systemic signs of inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic are Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli such as Bacteroides fragilis sensitive to?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

What form do S. epidermidis bacteria typically take?

Clumps Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacilli cause tetanus?

Clostridium tetani Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic are S. epidermidis bacteria sensitive to?

Vancomycin Signup and view all the answers

What antibiotic is indicated for allergic patients who are not responsive to penicillin for streptococci infection?

Erythromycin or cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) affects the musculofascial layers?

Deep Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a natural host defense against Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Macrophage activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of infection in secondary Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Exogenous, from outside the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a principle of treatment for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?

Removal of sutures when necessary Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a general risk factor for wound infection?

Age and malnutrition Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symptoms of wound infection?

Redness around the wound and swelling Signup and view all the answers

What poses a risk for healthcare workers in terms of occupational infections?

Direct percutaneous inoculation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of SSI affects abdominal and pelvic abscesses?

Organ space Signup and view all the answers

What is a microbiology factor contributing to wound infections?

Antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is a local risk factor for wound infection?

Length of procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a mechanical barrier that serves as a natural host defense against SSI?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection can healthcare workers be at risk for?

Bloodborne Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the invasion of organisms to tissues after the host's defenses have been compromised.
Types of SSI: superficial (skin), deep (musculofascial layers), and organ space (abdominal and pelvic abscesses).
Natural host defenses include mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes), chemical (low gastric pH), cellular (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), and humoral (antibodies).
Sources of infection: primary (endogenous, from the host) and secondary (exogenous, from outside the body).
Principles of treatment: use of antibiotics, removal of sutures when necessary, and draining abscesses.
Risk factors for wound infection can be general (age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, obesity, underweight, diabetes, liver diseases, renal failure, and hypoxia) or local (type of surgery, length of procedures, presence of necrotic tissue, residual local malignancy, and ischemia).
Microbiology factors, such as lack of antibiotic prophylaxis and virulence of organisms, also play a role in wound infections.
Signs and symptoms of wound infection include spreading heat (warm skin), redness around the wound, pain, swelling, discharge, odor, and generalized weakness.
Healthcare workers are at risk for occupational infections through direct percutaneous inoculation, such as needle-stick injuries and scalpel wounds.

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Description

Test your knowledge about surgical site infections, including the types and definitions of these infections. Learn about superficial wound infection, deep wound infection, and organ space infections.