Surgery and Perioperative Nursing Overview

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a type of surgery classified by purpose that aims to provide relief but not a cure?

Curative Surgery

Reconstructive Surgery

Palliative Surgery (correct)

Diagnostic Surgery

Which classification according to urgency describes surgery that is necessary within a few weeks?

Required Surgery (correct)

Optional Surgery

Emergency Surgery

Elective Surgery

What is a characteristic of major surgery?

Generally not prolonged

Can be done at client's convenience

High risk and extensive (correct)

Involves minimal risk

Which of the following factors does not generally increase surgical risk?

Physical fitness Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surgery requires immediate intervention to sustain life?

Emergency Surgery Signup and view all the answers

What would most likely be classified as a curative surgical procedure?

Removal of a tumor Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about surgical risk is true?

It is influenced by the nature and duration of the condition. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an example of urgent surgery that requires intervention within 48 hours?

Appendicitis Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for minors under 18 before they can undergo surgery?

Permission from family members is required Signup and view all the answers

What phase of preoperative preparation occurs immediately before the surgery?

Morning of the surgery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a preoperative exercise recommended for patients?

Light yoga Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major considerations for preparation on the evening before surgery?

Preparing the skin Signup and view all the answers

How long before surgery should patients typically refrain from eating or drinking?

8-10 hours Signup and view all the answers

Why is food and fluid restriction important before surgery?

To minimize the risk of vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common procedure to prepare the gastrointestinal tract before surgery?

Using an enema as needed Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for extremely malnourished patients before surgery?

They should be given IV infusion of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of epidural anesthesia compared to spinal anesthesia?

It poses a greater technical challenge for administration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering epinephrine with local infiltration anesthesia?

To constrict blood vessels and prolong the effect of the anesthetic. Signup and view all the answers

In which location is spinal anesthesia typically administered?

In the subarachnoid space at the lumbar level between L4 and L5. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential intraoperative complication?

Wound infection Signup and view all the answers

What factors can lead to headaches as an after-effect of spinal anesthesia?

Poor hydration and spinal needle use. Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anesthesia?

Administering a small dose of nitrous oxide. Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is important for immediate postoperative care?

Verifying the identity and operative procedure. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to manage a headache following spinal anesthesia?

Keep the patient lying flat and well-hydrated. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of managing unrelieved pain?

Surgical intervention Signup and view all the answers

Unrelieved pain can lead to which of the following metabolic changes?

Increased hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as a critical component of pain relief management?

Good assessment, intervention, and reassessment Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological effect is associated with unrelieved pain in the cardiovascular system?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a potential gastrointestinal effect of unrelieved pain?

Decreased gastric motility Signup and view all the answers

In the context of unrelieved pain, which cognitive effect may occur?

Fatigue and mental confusion Signup and view all the answers

What is a social aspect that may be impacted by unrelieved pain?

Heightened anxiety states Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone shows increased levels as a result of unrelieved pain?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ectom'y refer to in surgical terminology?

Excision or removal Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the peroperative process does preoperative assessment take place?

Preoperative phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the circulating nurse during surgery?

Managing the operating room environment Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the surgical procedure that involves making an incision to look inside the body?

Oroscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the PACU nurse after surgery?

To monitor the patient's vital signs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the intraoperative phase?

Ends with admission to the recovery room Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the surgical creation of an opening?

Ostomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the scrub nurse during surgery?

Scrubbing and maintaining sterile field Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definition of Surgery

Surgery is a medical branch focused on treating diseases, deformities, and injuries via manual operations.

Common Surgical Terms

-ECTOMY: Removal or excision of tissue/organ.
-LYSIS: Destruction or separation of tissues.
-ORRAPHY: Repair or suture of tissues.
-OSCOPY: Procedure for visual examination.
-OSTOMY: Creation of an opening.
-PLASTY: Repair or reconstruction of tissue or scars.

Perioperative Nursing Overview

Encompasses the complete surgical experience, including preoperative and postoperative phases.
Involves professional nursing activities during all phases of surgery.

Phases of Perioperative Nursing

Preoperative Phase: Commences with the surgery decision and ends when the patient is on the OR table.
Intraoperative Phase: Begins upon the patient's entry into the OR and ends after admission to PACU.
Postoperative Phase: Starts upon admission to PACU and continues until follow-up evaluations.

Perioperative Team Roles

Anesthesiologist/Nurse Anesthetist: Assesses and plans anesthesia; evaluates physical status.
Professional Registered Nurse: Conducts preoperative assessments and documents intraoperative care plans.
Circulating Nurse: Manages the OR environment; ensures patient safety.
Scrub Nurse: Maintains surgical sterility; assists the surgical team.
PACU Nurse: Cares for patients recovering from anesthesia; monitors vital signs.

Conditions Necessitating Surgery

Obstruction or blockage, perforation, erosion, tumor presence.

Categories of Surgical Procedures

Classified by Purpose (diagnostic, curative, reconstructive, palliative), Urgency (optional, elective, required, urgent, emergency), and Magnitude (major or minor surgery).

Surgical Risks and Complications

General Risk Factors: Age, obesity, immobility, malnutrition, emergency situations, endocrine conditions, steroid therapy.
Major Causes of Surgical Mortality: Pneumonia, cardiac arrest, renal failure, stroke, pulmonary emboli, sepsis, hypovolemic shock.

Nursing Assessment Pre-Surgery

Consent is required for minors or incapacitated individuals.
Preoperative preparation includes several phases: physician visit, hospital admission, night before surgery, and morning of surgery.

Preoperative Teaching

Focuses on exercises (coughing, deep breathing, early ambulation) and using incentive spirometers.

Evening Preparation Before Surgery

Skin and gastrointestinal preparation includes limiting food and fluid intake, administering enemas, and ensuring proper skin preparation techniques.

Anesthesia Types

Epidural: Local anesthetic injected around dura mater; impacts sensory, motor, and autonomic functions.
Spinal Anesthesia: Injected into the subarachnoid space; affects lower body functions.
Local Infiltration: Direct injection of anesthetic into the incision area.

Potential Intraoperative Complications

Nausea, vomiting, anaphylaxis, respiratory issues, hypothermia.

Postoperative Phase Goals

Maintain function, restore homeostasis, alleviate pain, prevent complications, ensure proper discharge and teaching.

Immediate Postoperative Nursing Care

Monitor airway status, verify patient identity and procedure, assess neurologic status, and evaluate vital signs.

Impact of Unrelieved Pain

Can lead to serious systemic effects across multiple body systems, including endocrine, metabolic, cardiovascular, and cognitive impairments.

Overall Message on Pain Management

Pain relief is recognized as a fundamental human right; effective pain management should include continuous assessment and intervention.

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Description

Explore the essential aspects of surgery and perioperative nursing in this quiz. Understand key surgical terms, phases of nursing care, and the overall surgical experience from preoperative to postoperative phases. Test your knowledge and improve your understanding of surgical procedures.