Questions and Answers
The ______ of the femur is an example of a joint-forming projection.
condyle
The openings between the vertebrae that allow for the passage of spinal nerves are called ______.
intervertebral foramina
The ______ tuberosity is a site of attachment for ligaments in the pelvis.
ischial
Intervertebral discs act as ______ between the vertebrae.
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A vertebra consists of an anterior segment known as the ______.
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The ______ process is found on the vertebrae and helps in muscle attachment.
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The external auditory ______ allows for the passage of sound waves to the inner ear.
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The ______ is formed from pedicles that extend from the body and laminae that fuse in the midline.
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The large opening that forms the vertebral canal is called the ______.
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A ______ is a depression in the bone that can accommodate another structure, such as nerves or blood vessels.
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The ______ of the scapula is a notch allowing for the passage of nerves.
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Compact bone is the denser, stronger type of bone tissue compared to ______ bone.
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The ______ sinus is found in the frontal bone and is involved in reducing skull weight.
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The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and ______ of a vertebrate animal.
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The axial skeleton functions to support and protect the organs of the dorsal and ______ cavities.
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The human’s axial skeleton is composed of ______ bones.
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The skull forms a protective cavity for the ______.
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The skull consists of ______ openings and 22 bones.
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Suture joints anchor the skull bones and are ______ joints.
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The first cervical vertebra is called the ______.
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The primary cranial suture joints include the coronal, sagittal, squamous, and ______.
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The second cervical vertebra is known as the ______.
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Thoracic vertebrae articulate with ______ on each side.
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The bones of the skull, with the exception of the ______, are joined together by sutures.
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The lumbar vertebrae are identified by their ______ body.
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C7 is the first cervical vertebra seen through the ______.
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The sacrum is formed by the fusion of ______ bones.
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The final region of the spine is the ______, also known as the tailbone.
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Cervical vertebrae can be identified by the presence of ______ foramen.
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The ______ or breastbone is a long, flat, bony plate.
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Ribs are long, curved bones that form the ______ cage.
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The primary function of the sternum is the protection of the heart, lungs, and ______ vessels.
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Humans have 24 ribs split into ______ pairs.
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True Ribs attach to the sternum with ______ cartilage.
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The pelvic girdle is formed by a single ______.
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The appendicular skeleton comprises ______ bones.
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The bones of the pectoral girdle anchor the upper limb to the thoracic ______ of the axial skeleton.
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Study Notes
Surface Anatomy of Bone
- Projections forming joints include: Head (e.g. Head of Femur), Condyle (e.g. Condyle of femur), Facet (e.g. between atlas and skull), and Ramus (e.g. Ramus of mandible).
- Sites of muscle and ligament attachment consist of: Tuberosity (e.g. Tibial tuberosity), Crest (e.g. Tibial crest), Trochanter (e.g. Greater and lesser trochanters of femur), Line (e.g. Line of femur), Tubercle (e.g. Lesser and greater tubercles of humerus), Epicondyle (e.g. Lateral and medial epicondyles), Spine (e.g. Spinous process of vertebrae), and Process (e.g. Transverse process of vertebrae).
- Openings for blood vessels and nerves include: Meatus (e.g. External auditory meatus), Fissure (e.g. Superior and inferior orbital fissures), Foramen (e.g. Foramen magnum), and Sinus (e.g. Frontal sinus).
- Depressions include: Notch (e.g. Notch of scapula), Groove (e.g. Costal groove of rib), and Fossa (e.g. Supraspinous and Infraspinous fossae).
Compact and Spongy Bone
- Compact bone is denser and stronger than spongy bone.
- Spongy bone, or cancellous bone, is characterized by a porous structure.
- The axial skeleton, comprising 80 bones, supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral cavities and attaches muscles and appendicular skeleton parts.
Skull
- The skull consists of 22 bones and 85 openings, forming protective cavities for the brain and supporting facial structures.
- Most skull bones are joined by sutures (immovable joints), including: Coronal (up & down), Sagittal (front to back), Squamous (sideways), and Lambdoid (back).
Vertebral Column
- Intervertebral Foramina provide openings for spinal nerves, while Intervertebral Discs serve as shock absorbers composed of fibrocartilage.
- Each vertebra consists of a vertebral body (anterior) and a vertebral arch (posterior) that protects the spinal cord.
- Regional vertebral differences include:
- Cervical vertebrae (C1 is the atlas, C2 is the axis).
- Thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs.
- Lumbar vertebrae have larger bodies and short, flat spinous processes.
Lower Vertebrae
- The sacrum consists of five fused bones, supporting pelvic organs and lower back.
- The coccyx, or tailbone, is formed from fused vertebrae and aids in weight support while sitting.
Thoracic Cage
- The sternum (breastbone) is a flat, bony plate connected to rib bones and protects vital thoracic organs.
- Ribs are categorized as:
- True Ribs (1-7): directly attach to the sternum.
- False Ribs (8-10): indirectly attach to the sternum via costal cartilage.
- Floating Ribs (11-12): lack any anterior attachment.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Comprises 126 bones, facilitating locomotion and manipulation.
- Divided into limb bones and girdle bones connecting limbs to the axial skeleton.
- Pectoral girdle connects upper limbs to the thoracic cage, while the pelvic girdle is a single bone anchoring lower limbs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the surface anatomy of bones, focusing on various projections that form joints and those that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments. This quiz covers key terms such as head, condyle, facet, and associated projections like tuberosity and trochanter. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology!
