Module 3 - Skeletal System PDF

MODULE 3 – SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT Activity 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM (PART 1)  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 1. BONE TYPE The 206 bones that compose the adult skeleton are divided into five categories based on their shapes. Their shapes and their functions are related suc...

MODULE 3 – SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT Activity 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM (PART 1)  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 1. BONE TYPE The 206 bones that compose the adult skeleton are divided into five categories based on their shapes. Their shapes and their functions are related such that each categorical shape of bone has a distinct function. Image Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/nemcc-ap/chapter/bone-classification/#m46281-fs-id824226  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 1. BONE TYPE Bone type Features Function(s) Examples Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, Cylinder-like shape, Long Leverage humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, longer than it is wide phalanges Cube-like shape, Provide stability, support, approximately equal in Short while allowing for some Carpals, tarsals length, width, and motion thickness Points of attachment for Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial Flat Thin and curved muscles; protectors of bones internal organs Irregular Complex shape Protect internal organs Vertebrae, facial bones Small and round; Protect tendons from Sesamoid Patellae embedded in tendons compressive forces  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 2. GROSS STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE The structure of a typical long bone - drawn, defined and discussed in this link: Long Bone Anatomy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4vXr9IuPVc  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 3. SURFACE ANATOMY OF A BONE Projections that form joints Projections that are the sites of muscle and ligament attachment 1. Head 1). Tuberosity (i.e. Head of Femur) (i.e. Tibial tuberosity or ischial tuberosity-pelvis) 2. Condyle 2. Crest (i.e. Condyle of the femur) (i.e. Tibial crest) 3. Facet 3. Trochanter (i.e. between atlas and the skull) (i.e. Greater and lesser trochanter of the femur) 4. Ramus 4. Line (i.e. Ramus of the mandible) (i.e. Line of the femur) 5. Tubercle (i.e. Lesser & greater tubercle of the humerus) 6. Epicondyle (i.e. Lateral & medial epicondyle of the humerus and femur) 7. Spine (i.e. Spinous process of the vertebrae) 8. Process (i.e. Transverse process of the vertebrae)  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 3. SURFACE ANATOMY OF A BONE Openings that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass Depressions 1. Meatus 1. Notch (i.e. External auditory meatus of the temporal bone) (i.e. Notch of the scapula) 2). Fissure 2. Groove (i.e. Superior and inferior (i.e. Costal groove of the rib) orbital fissures) 3. Fossa 3. Foramen (i.e. Supraspinous fossa or (i.e. Foramen magnum) infraspinous fossa) 4). Sinus (i.e. Frontal sinus) Image source: https://www.palmbeachstate.edu/slc/Documents/AandPch06LecturePearson.pdf  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 4. COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two Spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains types of bone tissue (Figure 6.10). It can be found osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long concentric circles. Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are bones, where it provides support and protection. found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae (singular = trabecula) Image Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/nemcc-ap/chapter/bone-classification/#m46281-fs-id824226  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER The skeleton is subdivided into two major 5. DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM divisions—the axial and appendicular. AXIAL SKELETON vs APPPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON APPPENDICULAR SKELETON Part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the Portion of the skeleton of vertebrae consisting of the head and trunk of a vertebrae bones that support the appendages Consists of appendages connected to the axial Central axis of the skeleton skeleton Composed of skull, ossicles of the ear, vertebral Composed of pectoral girdles, arms, foreams, hands, column, hyoid, rib cage and sternum pelvis, legs, feet, and ankles Made up of 80 bones Made up of 126 bones Supports the upright position and protects the Aid in the movement of the body internal organs  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 5.1. AXIAL SKELETON The word axial is from the word axis, and refers to how the bones of the axial skeleton are located along the central axis of the body. The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate animal, including humans. The axial skeleton functions to support and protect the organs of the dorsal and ventral cavities. It also serves as a surface for the attachment of muscles and parts of the appendicular skeleton. The human’s axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones and is the central core of the body. The primary divisions of the skeleton system are: Head including the bones of the skull (cranium), face, auditory ossicles, and hyoid bone. Thorax, including the rib cage and sternum. Vertebral column Image Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/overview-of-the-skeletal-system/  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER A. SKULL The skull supports the musculature and structures of the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is formed of several bones which, with the exception of the mandible, are joined together by sutures— synarthrodial (immovable) joints. The skull consists of 85 openings and 22 bones divided into the cranial and facial bones..  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER A. SKULL I). Suture joints anchor the skull bones. The primary cranial suture joints are: 1). coronal: up & down 2). sagittal: front to back 3). squamous: sideways 4). lambdoid: along the back  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER A. SKULL Regions Location Occipital bone Base of skull/ rear of cranium Temporal bones Base and sides of the skull, lateral to the temporal lobes of the brain Parietal bones Make up part of the roof and sides of the skull Sphenoid bone Interior butterfly shaped bone; Middle of the skull towards the from and forms the rear of orbit Ethmoid bone Internal bone that forms the nasal cavities, and eye orbit and ethmoid sinuses Frontal bone anterior portion above the eyes Image source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-skull/  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER A. SKULL Regions Location Zygomatic bones Form the cheeks Lacrimal bones Form the medial wall of the orbit; two smallest facial bones Nasal bones Midline of the face; form the bridge of the nose Maxilla bones Fuse in the midline and form the upper jaw Palatine bones 2 separate bones that form the superior & lateral parts of the cranium; back of the hard palate Mandible paired bones that form the upper jaw and face Image source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-skull/  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER A. SKULL Mandible Orbit Sinuses Hyoid bone Only movable bone in the skull Cavity located in the skull in which the group of four, paired, air-filled spaces: horseshoe shaped bone found in the eye and its associated appendages are - surround the nasal cavity (maxillary neck housed sinuses) consists of a central part called the conical or four-sided pyramidal cavities, - above the eyes (frontal sinuses) body, and two pairs of cornua: the which open into the midline of the face - between the eyes (ethmoid sinuses), greater cornu and the lesser cornu. and point backwards. and It acts as a moveable base for the - behind the eyes (sphenoid sinuses). tongue and for the muscles that raise The sinuses are named for the facial and lower the larynx for speech and bones that they are located behind. swallowing.  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN The vertebral column (also known as the backbone or spine), is a tall, thin organ located dorsally that extends from the base of the spine to the pelvis. It protects the spinal cord and provides a key attachment point for numerous muscle groups. There are 33 vertebrae in the human spine that split into regions which correspond to the curvature of the spine: - Cervical - 7 - Thoracic - 12 - Lumbar - 5 - Sacrum – 5 (fused) - Coccyx - 4 (fused) https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-vertebral- column/  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Intervertebral Foramina Intervertebral Discs - Openings between the vertebrae that allow for the Act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae passage of spinal nerves (fibrocartilage). The discs are for flexing and extending.  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN: VERTEBRA A vertebra consists of two parts: A). vertebral body an anterior segment, or the vertebral body, which is the point B). vertebral arch is formed from: of articulation between the 1). pedicles extend from the body vertebrae 2). laminae extend from pedicles a posterior part, or the vertebral & fuse in the midline. (neural) arch, which encloses the spinal cord. C). vertebral foramen large opening forms the vertebral canal. D). Processes 1). spinous processes 2). transverse processes 3). superior process 4). inferior processes https://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/API% 20Notes%20H%20Skeletal%20Vertebrae.htm  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN: VERTEBRA Regional Vertebral Differences Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae C1 – is called atlas: All thoracic vertebrae Large body - no body or spinous articulate with a pair of Short flat spinous projections ribs with an articular processes - large lateral inferior and facet Identify lumbar superior articulating facets Long spinous process vertebrae by the flat C2 – is called axis: that curves inferiorly blunt spinous - Has a body and spine Identify thoracic process and thick - dens or odontoid process vertebrae by the long body C3-C7 sharp spinous process - Transverse foramen (opening) along side the transverse processes - Short bifurcated spinous process - C7 is the first vertebrae seen through the skin Identify cervical vertebrae by transverse foramen https://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/API%20Notes%20H%20Skeletal%2 0Vertebrae.htm  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN: VERTEBRA Lower Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Five bones fuse to form the Final region of the spine is the sacrum coccyx, or tailbone. Support the body and protect From several vertebrae that have organs of the pelvis and lower fused together back. A key attachment point for many muscles and ligaments and plays a key role in supporting the body while sitting. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-vertebral-column/  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER C. THORACIC CAGE Sternum Ribs The sternum or breastbone is Ribs are long, curved bones a long, flat, bony plate that form the rib cage connected to the rib bones via surrounding the thorax. cartilage that forms the Articulating from the spine anterior section of the rib Humans have 24 ribs split into cage. pairs. The primary function of the True Ribs: (1-7) - attach to the sternum is the protection of sternum with costal cartilage the heart, lungs, and blood False Ribs (8-10) – lack the vessels from physical sternal attachment, but damage. connect to the costal cartilage The sternum is made of the: of the rib 7. - Manubrium (most inferior Floating Ribs (11-12) – no region) anterior attachment - Gladiolus (body of thorax) - xiphoid process. (most superior) Image source https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- ap/chapter/the-thorax/  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 5.2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON The appendicular skeleton comprises 126 bones and is involved in locomotion and manipulation of objects in the environment. The bones of the appendicular skeleton are divided into two groups: the bones that are located within the limbs themselves, and the girdle bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. The bones of the pectoral girdle anchor the upper limb to the thoracic cage of the axial skeleton. The pelvic girdle is formed by a single bone and serves as the attachment point for each lower limb. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/overview- of-the-skeletal-system/  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 5.2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Divisions of the Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major regions: The pectoral girdles consist of 4 bones:  The left and right clavicle (2) and the scapula (2). The upper arms and forearms are made up of 6 bones:  The left and right humerus (upper arm, 2), the ulna (2), and the radius (forearm, 2). The hands have 54 bones:  The left and right carpals (wrist, 16), metacarpals (10), proximal phalanges (10), intermediate phalanges (8), and the distal phalanges (10). The pelvis has 2 bones:  The left and right hip bone (2). The thighs and legs have 8 bones:  The left and right femur (thigh, 2), patella (knee, 2), tibia (2) and fibula (leg, 2). The feet and ankles have 52 bones:  The left and right tarsals (ankle, 14), metatarsals (10), proximal phalanges (10), intermediate phalanges (8), and distal phalanges (10).  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 5.2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Upper Extremities The bones of the pectoral girdle consist of two bones (scapula and clavicle) and anchor the upper limb to the thoracic cage of the axial skeleton. The three regions of the upper limb are: arm (humerus), forearm (ulna medially and radius laterally), and the hand. The base of the hand contains eight bones (carpal bones), and the palm is formed by five bones (metacarpal bones). The fingers and thumb contain a total of 14 bones, called phalanges. *Refer to you lab manual for the discussion on parts (p. 89-92) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/shoulder-girdle  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM DISCUSSION PROPER 5.2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON Lower Extremities The pelvic girdle is formed by a single bone, the hip or coxal bone, and serves as the attachment point for each lower limb. Each hip bone is joined to the axial skeleton by its attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral column. The right and left hip bones attach to each other anteriorly. The lower limb contains 30 bones and is divided into three regions, the thigh, leg, and foot. These consist of the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges. The femur is the single bone of the thigh. The patella (kneecap) articulates with the distal femur. The tibia is located on the medial side of the leg, The fibula is the thin bone of the lateral leg. The bones of the foot are divided into three groups, the tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges of the foot. *Refer to you lab manual for the discussion on parts (p. 90, 93-94) POST LAB ACTIVITY  ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM REFERENCES Laboratory Manual: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology,8th edition https://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/API%20Note s%20H%20%20skeletal%20skull.htm https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/overview- of-the-skeletal-system/ https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/8-1-the- pectoral-girdle/ ACTIVITY 1: SKELETAL SYSTEM THANK YOU!