Supply Chain Basics

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Questions and Answers

Within the context of supply chain management, what strategic imperative is most significantly advanced by viewing the supply chain as a holistic entity aiming to maximize overall value?

  • Enhancing individual stage profitability to incentivize localized efficiency improvements.
  • Improving coordination and collaboration, leveraging shared resources and capabilities to achieve synergistic effects. (correct)
  • Minimizing risk exposure by decentralizing operational control and decision-making authority throughout the supply chain.
  • Optimizing customer service levels at the expense of increased operational costs.

What sophisticated financial metric most accurately captures the essence of supply chain success, especially when considering long-term sustainability and resilience, moving beyond simple profit calculations?

  • Economic Value Added (EVA), demonstrating the true economic profit generated by the entire supply chain above the cost of capital. (correct)
  • Return on Assets (ROA), reflecting the efficiency of asset utilization within individual supply chain stages.
  • Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT), indicating the operational profitability of each supply chain partner in isolation.
  • Net Present Value (NPV), assessing the present value of future cash flows from each supply chain activity independently.

Given the dynamic nature of global markets and the increasing complexity of supply chains, which of the following approaches to supply chain management is most suitable for driving sustainable competitive advantage?

  • Creating an agile, adaptive supply chain network that can quickly respond to changing market conditions and disruptions. (correct)
  • Implementing a rigid, standardized supply chain structure that maximizes economies of scale across all product lines.
  • Adopting a reactive, cost-minimization strategy focused on squeezing suppliers and reducing transportation expenses.
  • Building a vertically integrated supply chain that internalizes all key activities, reducing reliance on external partners.

What is the MOST precise definition of 'supply chain surplus' in the context of supply chain management, emphasizing its role in quantifying overall supply chain efficiency and effectiveness?

<p>The difference between the total revenue generated and the aggregate costs incurred by all supply chain stages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a global manufacturing firm discovers a critical vulnerability in its supply chain—specifically, a single supplier producing a key component—what advanced mitigation strategy would MOST effectively address the systemic risk?

<p>Developing a collaborative, multi-tiered supply chain network that incorporates redundant suppliers and flexible manufacturing capabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying systemic risk when supply chain profitability is evaluated solely on the performance of individual stages?

<p>It incentivizes localized optimization at the expense of the entire supply chain’s overall performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do strategic supply chain decisions differ fundamentally from operational decisions in terms of their degree of reversibility and associated risk exposure?

<p>Strategic decisions commit significant resources and are difficult to reverse, exposing the firm to greater market uncertainty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the inherent trade-offs between responsiveness and efficiency in supply chain design, what advanced analytical technique is most suited for simultaneously optimizing these conflicting objectives under diverse market conditions?

<p>Discrete event simulation, modeling complex interactions and predicting system behavior under various scenarios. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of supply chain planning, what is the MOST crucial element in translating high-level strategic objectives into actionable, short-term operational policies?

<p>Precise, short-term demand forecasting that accounts for seasonality and promotional effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sophisticated capability is most critical in supply chain operation to manage unexpected events and disruptions effectively, ensuring minimal impact on customer service levels and overall performance?

<p>Developing real-time visibility and predictive analytics to proactively identify and respond to disruptions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of supply chain cycle view, What is the name of the cycle that occurs at the interface between the distributor and retailer?

<p>Replenishment Cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition should inventory be pushed to the customer?

<p>When there is high certainty as to what products the customer wants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viewpoint to supply chains execution is useful in considering strategic decisions as they relate to how processes relate to customer orders?

<p>The push/pull view (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Apple supply chain, should a firm carry any finished goods inventory, and what characteristics should those items have?

<p>Yes, only fast selling items for quick replacement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy does Zara use when they source products with uncertain demand?

<p>They source from local manufacturers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When integrating a web business relative to an existing business, is it better to integrate the web business with the existing business or to set up separate distribution? What are the critical factors that determine this?

<p>The critical factors determine the strategy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Toyota's manufacturing flexibility, what specific actions might be undertaken during the product design phase to enhance a plant's ability to quickly adapt to changing market demands?

<p>Designing products with highly standardized components that can be easily interchanged across different models. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering Amazon's expanding warehouse network, what sophisticated optimization technique could be employed to dynamically determine the optimal number and location of warehouses while accounting for real-time demand fluctuations, transportation costs, and inventory holding expenses?

<p>Mixed-integer programming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental disadvantage does selling products via the Internet pose compared to the traditional retail model, with respect to addressing nuanced customer needs and building personalized brand loyalty?

<p>Constraints in providing tactile and sensory experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) within supply chain macro processes, what sophisticated analytical technique could be employed to segment customers based on their predicted lifetime value, enabling targeted marketing efforts and customized service offerings?

<p>Cluster analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered supply chain macro processes in a firm?

<p>Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM), Supplier Relationship Management (SRM). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company deciding to implement a postponement strategy in their supply chain would:

<p>Delay product differentiation as late as possible in the supply chain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategic initiative would BEST mitigate the bullwhip effect within a multi-tiered supply chain characterized by independent decision-making at each stage?

<p>Sharing point-of-sale (POS) data with all supply chain partners to improve demand visibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advanced analytical approach should be used to evaluate multi-echelon inventory placement within a complex supply chain?

<p>Employing simulation modeling to identify optimal safety stock levels and service policies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a company seeks to redesign its supply chain to be more responsive, what is the primary strategic tradeoff they will likely need to consider?

<p>Decentralizing logistics operations, at the loss of economies of scale. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of aligning supply chain strategy with product characteristics, what analytical framework best supports the determination of the appropriate supply chain design for products with short life cycles and high demand uncertainty?

<p>An agile supply chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In capital-intensive industries, what is the critical element supply chain managers must master to ensure the firm's competitiveness?

<p>Maximizing capacity utilization while minimizing inventory holding costs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the criticality of information flow in modern supply chains, what advanced technology provides the MOST comprehensive real-time visibility across all stages, facilitating proactive decision-making and rapid response to disruptions?

<p>Using distributed ledger blockchain technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inventory management system is most suited to high-cost, easily customisable, low volume environments?

<p>Just-In-Time (JIT) Inventory System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST critical tactical decision affecting supply chain performance?

<p>Order fulfillment policy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does product variety most critically affect the level of inventory a retail store must carry, and by what mechanism does this relationship manifest?

<p>Increased safety stock requirements, due to greater demand uncertainty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advanced risk management technique is MOST appropriate for quantifying the potential impact of geopolitical instability?

<p>Scenario planning, involving diverse stakeholder group(s) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST sophisticated metric for evaluating if a company such as Toyota truly has a robust and agile supply chain system.

<p>Not losing revenue from lost sales due to circumstances out of its control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential drawback of a Just in Time (JIT) system?

<p>It relies on efficient and agile transport system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a Supply Chain?

All stages involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request; includes manufacturers, suppliers, transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customers and all functions within these.

Objective of a Supply Chain

Maximizing the difference between customer value and supply chain cost. This includes managing flows of information, products and funds.

Supply Chain Strategy/Design

How to structure the supply chain over the next several years; includes decisions regarding locations and capacities of facilities, products, transportation and information systems.

Supply Chain Planning

Decisions over the next quarter or year, including which markets will be supplied from which locations, planned buildup of inventories, policies and potential promotions.

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Supply Chain Operation

Daily or weekly operational decisions, allocating orders to inventory or production, setting order due dates, generating pick lists, setting delivery schedules and less uncertainty (short time horizon).

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Cycle View of Supply Chain

Processes are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interface between two successive supply chain stages, such as customer order, replenishment, manufacturing, and procurement.

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Push/Pull View of Supply Chain

Processes are divided into two categories based on whether they are executed in response to a customer order (pull) or in anticipation of a customer order (push).

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Pull Processes

This is initiated in response to a customer order (reactive).

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Push Processes

This is initiated in anticipation of customer orders (speculative).

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Supply Chain Macro Processes

Processes classified into Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM), and Supplier Relationship Management (SRM); integration among these is critical.

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Study Notes

Understanding the Supply Chain

  • A supply chain includes all stages directly or indirectly involved in fulfilling a customer request.
  • This network encompasses manufacturers, suppliers, transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customers
  • Within a company, all functions involved in fulfilling a customer request are part of the supply chain, including product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance, and customer service.
  • Customers are an integral part of the supply chain.
  • Supply chains involve the movement of products from suppliers to manufacturers to distributors, as well as information, funds, and products moving in both directions.
  • The term "supply network" or "supply web" may be a more accurate descriptor.
  • Typical supply chain stages include customers, retailers, distributors, manufacturers, and suppliers.
  • Not all stages are present in every supply chain; Dell, for example, may not use retailers or distributors.

Objective of a Supply Chain

  • The primary goal is to maximize overall value creation.
  • Supply Chain Surplus = Customer Value – Supply Chain Cost
  • A customer buys a wireless router for $60 from Best Buy: the revenue.
  • The supply chain incurs costs like information, storage, transportation, components, and assembly.
  • The difference between the $60 revenue and the total costs is the supply chain profit.
  • Supply chain profitability represents the total profit shared across all stages of the chain.
  • Success is gauged by overall profitability, not individual stage profits.
  • Customers are the sole source of revenue.
  • Costs arise from the flow of information, products, or funds between supply chain stages.
  • Effective supply chain management optimizes flows among stages to maximize the total surplus.

Importance of Supply Chain Decisions

  • Wal-Mart's sales grew from $1 billion in 1980 to $408 billion in 2010.
  • Seven-Eleven Japan saw its sales increase from Â¥1 billion in 1974 to Â¥3 trillion in 2009.
  • Webvan, an online grocery service, failed within two years.
  • Borders' sales declined from $4 billion in 2004 to $2.8 billion in 2009.
  • Dell, with $56 billion in sales in 2006, adopted new supply chain strategies.

Decision Phases of a Supply Chain

  • Supply chain strategy (or design) involves structuring the chain over the next several years.
  • Supply chain planning includes decisions for the next quarter or year.
  • Supply chain operation focuses on daily or weekly operational decisions.

Supply Chain Strategy or Design

  • Decisions determine the supply chain's structure and the processes each stage performs.
  • Strategic decisions encompass facility locations and capacities.
  • This includes the decision of whether products are to be made or stored at various locations, modes of transportation and information systems.
  • Design must support the organization's strategic objectives.
  • Design decisions are long-term, expensive to reverse, and must consider market uncertainty.

Supply Chain Planning

  • This phase defines policies governing short-term operations.
  • The supply configuration is predetermined by the strategy phase.
  • Planning begins with forecasting demand for the coming year.
  • Consideration should be given to which markets will be supplied from which locations, inventory buildup, subcontracting, inventory policy, and timing/size of market promotions.
  • Planning decisions must consider demand uncertainty, exchange rates, and competition over time.

Supply Chain Operation

  • The time horizon for this phase is weekly or daily.
  • Decisions relate to individual customer orders.
  • The supply chain configuration is fixed, and operating policies are set.
  • The goal is to implement the operating policies effectively.
  • The focus is on allocating orders to inventory or production, setting order due dates, generating pick lists, allocating orders to shipments, setting delivery schedules, and placing replenishment orders.
  • There is much less uncertainty in the operation phase due to the short time horizon.

Process Views of a Supply Chain

  • Cycle View: Supply chain processes are divided into cycles performed at the interfaces between successive stages.
  • Push/Pull View: Processes are categorized based on whether they react to a customer order (pull) or anticipate it (push).

Push/Pull View of Supply Chains

  • Processes fall into reactive (pull) or speculative (push) categories, based on their timing relative to customer demand.
  • Pull is initiated in response to a customer order.
  • Push is initiated in anticipation of customer orders.
  • The push/pull boundary separates these processes.
  • The boundary is useful for making strategic decisions about the supply chain.
  • The views can combine the push/pull and cycle approaches.
  • The relative proportion of push and pull can affect supply chain performance.

Supply Chain Macro Processes

  • Supply chain processes are classified into: Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM), and Supplier Relationship Management (SRM).
  • Integration among these macro processes is crucial for effective supply chain management.

Examples of Supply Chains

  • Gateway and Apple
  • Zara
  • W.W. Grainger and McMaster-Carr
  • Toyota
  • Amazon

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