Substance Use Disorders and Withdrawal Symptoms
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Questions and Answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with withdrawal from stimulants?

  • Suicidal Intentions
  • Tremors
  • Anxiety
  • Sweating (correct)

What is a characteristic of drug tolerance?

  • It is reversible upon drug discontinuation (correct)
  • It develops uniformly across all drugs
  • It is only applicable to opioids
  • It eliminates the drug's effects entirely

Which factor does NOT influence substance use disorder (SUD)?

  • Pre-existing Disorders
  • Environmental Stability (correct)
  • Developmental Timeframes
  • Genetics

What is the primary goal of harm reduction strategies?

<p>To minimize negative consequences of substance use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding cross tolerance?

<p>It can occur with pharmacologically similar drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NOT contribute to the stigma of substance use disorder (SUD)?

<p>Increased self-esteem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a withdrawal symptom commonly seen in opioid withdrawal?

<p>Diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic correctly describes misuse potentials of drugs?

<p>It varies from drug to drug and from individual to individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of all cancers estimated to be caused by cigarette smoke?

<p>30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory condition is NOT directly increased by smoking?

<p>Tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common withdrawal symptom experienced by smokers?

<p>Insomnia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the variation in caffeine metabolism among individuals?

<p>Genetic differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding smoking during pregnancy is accurate?

<p>It can reverse effects if smoking ceases early. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life range of caffeine varied among individuals?

<p>2.5-10 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of passive smoke exposure?

<p>Reduced lung capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the addiction to smoking?

<p>Extreme urge to smoke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the route of administration and the potential for drug misuse?

<p>Drugs administered rapidly have a greater potential for misuse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the inherent harmfulness of drugs?

<p>Perceived serious risk reduces the likelihood of use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely effect of CNS stimulant drugs like amphetamines and cocaine?

<p>Increased aggressive behavior and mood swings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do amphetamines affect neurotransmitter levels?

<p>They increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant long-term effect associated with the misuse of amphetamines?

<p>Chronic anxiety and repetitive behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of a drug increases its potential for misuse according to the availability factor?

<p>Widespread presence and accessibility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can high doses of CNS stimulants lead to in the short term?

<p>Increased respiratory rate and heart attack. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect is associated with the use of MDMA (ecstasy)?

<p>Enhancement of intimacy and empathy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary health risk associated with the inhalation of nicotine?

<p>Reduction in oxygen transport by red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nicotine primarily affect cognitive function?

<p>By stimulating nicotinic receptors at synapses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the metabolism and excretion of nicotine?

<p>Metabolites are excreted in urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common short-term effect experienced by non-regular smokers upon using nicotine?

<p>Dizziness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the social cost of tobacco use in Canada?

<p>Tobacco-related deaths outnumber car accidents and murders combined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic application does nicotine have?

<p>It is used in smoking cessation programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a short-term effect experienced by regular smokers after consuming nicotine?

<p>Dizziness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the rapid absorption of nicotine when inhaled?

<p>Small particle size in cigarette smoke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which caffeine increases dopamine release in the brain?

<p>By blocking adenosine receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a short-term effect of high caffeine consumption?

<p>Mild stimulation of respiratory rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does cigarette smoke have on caffeine metabolism?

<p>It decreases the duration of caffeine's action. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does caffeine consumption during pregnancy affect fetal development according to the content?

<p>It slightly decreases the fetal growth rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the long-term effects of caffeine usage?

<p>Increased nervousness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical factor contributed to the regulation of drug use in sports?

<p>The establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding caffeine's potential for misuse is accurate?

<p>Mild euphoria is commonly experienced with caffeine misuse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one physiological effect of caffeine related to the cardiovascular system?

<p>Increased peripheral blood flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary physiological effect of amphetamines on athletes?

<p>Reduced fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary use of anabolic steroids in sports?

<p>To increase muscle mass and strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is NOT commonly associated with the use of anabolic steroids?

<p>Increased HDL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do benzodiazepines have on elite athletes when used in higher doses?

<p>Impaired psychomotor coordination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood doping improve athletic performance?

<p>By increasing the number of red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medical application of erythropoietin (EPO)?

<p>To stimulate red blood cell production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common use of diuretics in sports?

<p>To promote rapid weight loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with the use of high doses of anabolic steroids?

<p>Liver damage and reduced testosterone levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drug Tolerance

A state where the body adapts to regular drug use, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. This can happen with different speeds and to different degrees depending on the drug.

Cross Tolerance

When tolerance to one drug leads to tolerance to another drug that shares similar pharmacological effects.

Withdrawal Symptoms

Experiences that happen when a person stops using a drug they regularly use. These symptoms can be unpleasant and range in severity.

Stimulant Withdrawal

Withdrawal symptoms experienced after stopping stimulant drug use. These can include tiredness, low mood, aches, and even suicidal thoughts.

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Opioid Withdrawal

Withdrawal symptoms experienced after stopping opioid drug use. These can include sweating, aches, diarrhea, and vomiting.

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Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

A complex disorder associated with drug use, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite negative consequences. It's influenced by genetic, psychological, and environmental factors.

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Harm Reduction

An approach to substance use that focuses on reducing harm without judgment or coercion. It aims to improve the health and well-being of individuals while not necessarily requiring them to stop using substances.

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Misuse Potential

The tendency for a drug to be misused, which varies depending on the drug and the individual. This potential is influenced by the drug's inherent properties and the individual's susceptibility.

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Nicotine

A naturally occurring substance found in tobacco that is responsible for smoking addiction.

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Absorption of Nicotine

The process by which nicotine enters the body via inhalation, oral mucosa, or skin.

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Distribution of Nicotine

Nicotine's journey is fast, reaching the brain and quickly spreading throughout the body.

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Metabolism of Nicotine

The breaking down of nicotine mainly in the liver.

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Excretion of Nicotine

The process of eliminating nicotine metabolites, mostly through urine.

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Nicotinic Receptors

Nicotine's primary action is stimulating these receptors, leading to effects like increased alertness and pleasure.

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Short-Term Effects of Nicotine

The temporary and short-lasting effects of nicotine use.

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Long-Term Effects of Smoking

The long-lasting and harmful consequences of smoking, primarily due to the combustion products in tobacco.

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Pleasurable Effects

The higher the pleasure a drug provides, the more likely it is to be misused. This is because users are more likely to seek out the pleasurable effects again.

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Rapid Absorption

Drugs that have a rapid effect are more likely to be misused because they provide immediate gratification, making it difficult to resist taking them again.

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Amount/Frequency of Use

The more often someone uses a drug and the higher the dose, the greater the risk of misuse. This is because the body becomes dependent on the drug and needs more to achieve the same effect.

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Availability

Drugs that are easily accessible are more likely to be abused. This is because it's easier for people to experiment and become addicted.

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Inherent Harmfulness

The risk of serious harm associated with a drug influences its use. If a drug is perceived as dangerous, people are less likely to take it.

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Amphetamines

Amphetamines are a class of stimulant drugs that are often misused. These include methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), and methylphenidate (Ritalin) which is used to treat ADHD.

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Amphetamine Mechanism

Amphetamines increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. This causes a feeling of euphoria and increased alertness, but it can also lead to addiction and negative side effects.

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Long-Term Amphetamine Effects

Long-term use of amphetamines can lead to serious health problems, including sleep problems, anxiety, psychosis, and aggressive behavior.

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Passive Smoking Risks

Increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and cancer in individuals exposed to secondhand smoke.

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Smoking During Pregnancy Effects

The adverse effects of cigarette smoke on a developing fetus, potentially resulting in premature birth or smaller size.

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Caffeine Absorption and Distribution

Caffeine is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gut, peaking in the blood after 2 hours. It is absorbed into all tissues, including the brain and placenta.

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Caffeine Metabolism Variation

Genetics influences how quickly we break down and eliminate caffeine. This explains why some people are more sensitive to caffeine than others.

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Caffeine's Mechanism of Action

Caffeine works by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain, which normally inhibit dopamine release. This leads to increased dopamine release, causing a stimulatory effect.

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Caffeine's Short-term Effects on the CNS (Central Nervous System)

Increases mental performance and motor activity, reduces fatigue and drowsiness.

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Caffeine's Short-term Effects on the Cardiovascular System

Caffeine constricts blood vessels in the brain, which can relieve headaches. It also increases blood flow to the body and strengthens heart contractions, leading to an increased heart rate.

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Caffeine's Short-term Effects on Respiration

Caffeine can stimulate breathing and relax bronchial muscles, leading to a mild increase in respiratory rate. It's used to help preterm babies breathe.

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Caffeine and Smoking

Smoking increases the breakdown of caffeine in the body, leading to a shorter duration of caffeine's effects. When smokers quit, their caffeine metabolism returns to normal.

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Caffeine and Pregnancy

Caffeine consumption during pregnancy is not linked to birth defects, but high doses may slightly increase stillbirth risk, reduce fetal growth, and increase miscarriage chances.

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Caffeine's Misuse Potential and SUD

Even though it can generate mild euphoria and tolerance, caffeine's potential for misuse and addiction is low compared to other drugs.

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History of Drugs in Sports

Athletes started using drugs like amphetamines and steroids in the 1950s, leading to their widespread use, causing regulatory bodies to ban them and establish anti-doping agencies.

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Anabolic Steroids

Synthetic hormones used to increase muscle mass and strength. They work by increasing protein synthesis and reducing the breakdown of muscle tissue. Often misused in sports despite various side effects.

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Benzodiazepines

Medications commonly used for insomnia and anxiety. In athletes, they can help recovery from intense training but also cause impairments in coordination and focus at higher doses.

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Blood Doping

A method to increase the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the body, improving oxygen delivery to muscles and enhancing athletic performance. This is achieved by either transfusing stored blood or injecting erythropoietin.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. This results in more oxygen being carried to the muscles, leading to improved performance.

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Diuretics

Substances that increase the excretion of salts and water from the body. Used in sports to manage weight and sometimes as a way to mask other performance-enhancing substances.

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Blood Doping and Erythropoietin

A method of enhancing athletic performance by artificially increasing the number of red blood cells in the body. This can be done by blood transfusion or injecting erythropoietin.

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Banned Substances

These performance-enhancing substances are illegal in most organized sports. Athletes who use them risk sanctions, including suspensions and loss of titles.

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Study Notes

Module 2 - Drug Misuse and Addiction

  • Opioid Crisis: 19,395 Canadians died from apparent opioid overdoses between January 2016 and September 2020.

    • This equates to roughly every 2 hours.
    • 70% of these deaths were individuals under 50.

  • Substance Use Disorder (SUD): Diagnosed by multiple criteria.

    • Social Impairments: Failure to meet major roles or persistent social/interpersonal problems.
    • Risky Use: Engaging in physically dangerous use patterns despite problems.
    • Impaired Control: Experiencing cravings, withdrawal symptoms, or tolerance to the substance.
    • Tolerance: A need for more substance to obtain the same effects.
    • Withdrawal Syndrome: Symptoms that result from stopping or reducing substance use.
    • Meeting 2 criteria indicates mild SUD, with more criteria indicating greater severity.

  • Addiction: Characterized by persistent craving, regardless of consequences, and emotional/mental preoccupation with drug effects.

    • Physical symptoms can occur when stopping use of certain drugs, including but not limited to:
      • Withdrawal Syndrome
      • Discontinuation of use often doesn't just affect the physical body, but mental and emotional states.
    • Does not only involve drugs; gambling or shopping are also possible conditions.

Dopamine Hypothesis

  • The predominant theory for addiction
    • Misused drugs elevate dopamine in the brain's reward system.
    • Dopamine appears to be the key component of the brain's reward system.
    • Drugs induce exaggerated increases in dopamine, which may differ compared to normal levels, and associated signals and communication in the brain.

Characteristics of Addictive Drugs

  • Increase dopamine levels.
  • Provide a feeling of novelty.
  • Reduce anxiety. (Depressants)

Drug Withdrawal

  • An abnormal physiological state brought about by repeated substance use.
  • Severity increases as speed of withdrawal increases.
  • Absence of the substance causes the body to experience withdrawal symptoms.

Drug Tolerance

  • A decreased effect from the same amount of substance.
  • Varies among individuals and among substances.

Cross Tolerance

  • Resistance to a substance due to resistance to a similar substance.

Factors Influencing SUD

  • Genetics.
  • Pre-existing conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression).
  • Environment (e.g., family dynamics, social groups).
  • Developmental stages.

Harm Reduction

  • An approach focused on reducing negative consequences of substance use.
  • Aims for improved health without necessarily requiring the individual to stop using the substance.
  • Supervised injection sites may act as a form of harm reduction.

Prescription vs Substance Misuse

  • Drug misuse is defined as using a substance in a way or amount other that what is prescribed by a medical professional, or against societal norms.
  • Factors impacting risk of substance misuse include:
    • Drug characteristics.
    • Route of administration.
    • Amount/Frequency of use.
    • Availability.
    • Inherent harmfulness.

Amphetamines and Cocaine

  • CNS stimulants.
  • Commonly misused.
  • Used medically for specific conditions.

Nicotine

  • A naturally-occurring stimulant.
  • Found in tobacco.
  • Causes addiction through biological processes.

Caffeine

  • Widely used CNS stimulant.
  • Effects on the CNS and Cardiovascular system vary and are dependent upon dosage.
  • Rapidly metabolized and excreted.
  • Relatively low potential for misuse compared to other drugs.

Smoking

  • Short-term effects: mild euphoria, increased arousal, and improved concentration in nicotine-dependent smokers.
  • Long-term effects: increased risk of lung disease, cardiovascular complications, and cancer.
  • Effects on pregnancy: increases risk of pregnancy complications.

Withdrawal

  • Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include irritability, restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, and difficulty concentrating.
  • Can last a few days in severe cases.

Caffeine

  • Commonly used stimulant.
  • Has a fast absorption rate and distribution throughout the body.
  • Effects include mild mood elevation and reduced fatigue.
  • Potential is lower than other drugs, but effects can be problematic for those susceptible.

Drugs in Sports

  • Drugs like amphetamines, anabolic steroids, and blood doping have been used to enhance performance, though harmful side effects are common and can result in health problems.
  • Also, misuse of substances can occur, which can elevate to addiction.

Diuretics

  • Diuretics can be used to reduce body water weight before competition.

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Module 2 - Drug Misuse and Addiction PDF

Description

This quiz tests your knowledge on substance use disorders, withdrawal symptoms, and the effects of drugs. Explore key concepts such as drug tolerance, harm reduction strategies, and the impact of smoking on health. Perfect for those studying psychology or health-related fields.

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