Substance Use Disorder and Dopamine Hypothesis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of using benzodiazepines in elite athletes?

  • To combat insomnia and anxiety (correct)
  • To increase red blood cell production
  • To improve psychomotor coordination
  • To enhance muscle mass

Blood doping can be detected by measuring the age of the red blood cells.

True (A)

What does EPO stand for in the context of performance enhancement?

Erythropoietin

Diuretics enhance the excretion of ______ and water through the kidneys.

<p>salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following performance-enhancing substances to their effects:

<p>Benzodiazepines = Combat insomnia and anxiety Blood doping = Reinfusion of athlete's own RBCs Erythropoietin = Stimulates production of more RBCs Diuretics = Enhance excretion of salt and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major cause of insomnia when using amphetamines?

<p>Excitatory effect on the CNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine increases the concentration of dopamine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of concurrent drug-use?

<p>Drug-drug interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamines have a potential for misuse and substance use disorder (SUD).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components responsible for addiction in tobacco?

<p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is commonly treated with amphetamines?

<p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each year, ____ Canadians die from tobacco use.

<p>48,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of nicotine in the body?

<p>2 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stopping the use of amphetamines can lead to mood __________.

<p>depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pharmacokinetic processes of nicotine:

<p>Absorption = Rapidly from inhalation and GI tract Distribution = Rapidly to the brain Metabolism = Through the liver Excretion = In urine as metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the typical duration of action for cocaine?

<p>Less than one hour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances to their classification or characteristic:

<p>Cocaine = Local anesthetic and CNS stimulant Amphetamines = Can calm hyperactivity Methamphetamine = Produces powerful euphoria Ritalin = Used to treat attention disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

The social and economic cost of tobacco use in Canada is approximately $16 billion per year.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects do not develop tolerance in long-term amphetamine usage?

<p>Therapeutic effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic forms is nicotine commonly used in?

<p>Gum, transdermal patches, and buccal spray</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is more harmful than amphetamines in all aspects of toxicity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for Substance Use Disorder (SUD)?

<p>Physical addiction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Withdrawal syndrome occurs when an individual stops using a substance they are addicted to.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one class of drugs that increase dopamine in the brain.

<p>Central Nervous System Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dopamine Hypothesis, drugs associated with addiction increase ______ in the brain's reward systems.

<p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following categories of addictive drugs with examples:

<p>CNS Stimulants = Cocaine Opioids = Heroin Novelty Producers = LSD Cannabis = Marijuana</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of addictive drugs?

<p>They cause emotional and mental obsession (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tolerance means that an individual requires less of a substance to achieve the same effect as before.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of stopping the use of an addictive substance?

<p>Non-physical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of harm reduction?

<p>Decrease health and societal harms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All drugs eventually lead to addiction if misused.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as using a drug in ways or amounts other than prescribed?

<p>Misuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary mechanisms of action of cocaine?

<p>Reuptake inhibition of dopamine and serotonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency of a specific drug to be misused is referred to as its ______.

<p>misuse potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug classes with their characteristics regarding tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction:

<p>Opioids = Yes, Yes, Yes CNS Depressants = Yes, Yes, Yes Hallucinogens (LSD) = Yes, No, Yes Cannabis (THC) = Yes, Yes, Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is used as a local anesthetic in modern medicine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the misuse potential of a drug?

<p>Color of the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of long-term cocaine use related to mental health?

<p>Toxic psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using cocaine with alcohol can lead to the formation of an active metabolite called __________.

<p>cocaethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

Supervised injection sites are a method used in harm reduction.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects with their respective consequences of cocaine use:

<p>Tolerance = Rapid euphoria with lowered psychotic response Withdrawal = Mood depression and fatigue Psychosis = Hallucinations and paranoia Cardiovascular effects = High blood pressure and irregular heart rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does frequent alcohol use impact the risk of tolerance and addiction?

<p>Increases risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does tolerance have on users of cocaine?

<p>It develops towards euphoria only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine can cause changes to the nasal mucosa when sniffed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug interactions are commonly associated with cocaine usage?

<p>Concurrently with other psychoactive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Benzodiazepines

Medications that help athletes sleep better and recover faster from intense training. However, high doses can impair focus and coordination, leading to benzodiazepine use disorder.

Blood Doping

A method of enhancing athletic performance by increasing the number of red blood cells in the body, which carry oxygen to muscles.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, often used illegally to enhance athletic performance.

Diuretics

Drugs that increase urine production, leading to weight loss and a potential competitive advantage. However, they can cause serious side effects, including dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

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Performance-Enhancing Drugs

The act of using any substance or method that gives an athlete an unfair competitive advantage, and can be harmful to their health.

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Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

A disorder characterized by continued substance use despite negative consequences.

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Addiction

A state of compulsive drug seeking behavior.

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Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction

The theory that addiction is driven by excessive dopamine release in the brain's reward system.

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Drugs that Increase Dopamine

Drugs that increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward system, leading to feelings of pleasure and reinforcement.

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Drugs that Produce Novelty Sensory Experiences

Drugs that create novel and unusual sensory experiences, often associated with hallucinations or altered states of consciousness.

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Tolerance

A state where the body requires increasingly higher doses of a drug to achieve the same effect.

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Withdrawal Syndrome

Physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a drug they are dependent on.

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Risky Use

Using a drug in situations that could put the person at risk, despite potential harm.

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Substance Misuse

Using a substance in ways or amounts other than what was prescribed, or against social norms. It doesn't automatically mean a substance use disorder (SUD) exists unless other criteria are met.

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Person with SUD

A person with a substance use disorder (SUD). It is a more respectful and accurate term than 'addict', 'druggie', or 'junkie'.

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Harm Reduction

A set of strategies aimed at reducing the negative consequences of substance use. It focuses on improving health without judgment.

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Misuse Potential

The tendency for a specific drug to be misused. Factors like how the drug is taken, its availability, and its inherent harmfulness influence this.

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Withdrawal

The unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance they have become dependent on.

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Drug Classes with Tolerance, Withdrawal, and Addiction

A drug class where tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction are all common features. Examples include opioids, CNS depressants, and CNS stimulants.

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Concurrent drug use

Using multiple drugs at the same time, which can lead to unexpected interactions, misuse, and potential substance use disorders.

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Therapeutic use of amphetamines

A medicine used to treat conditions like narcolepsy and ADHD. It helps improve attention, focus, and reduce hyperactivity.

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Misuse potential of amphetamines

The potential for someone to misuse amphetamines due to the pleasurable effects they cause.

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SUD potential of amphetamines

The possibility of developing a substance use disorder (SUD) related to amphetamines. This occurs when someone becomes addicted to the drug and has difficulty controlling their use.

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Duration of action

The amount of time a drug's effects last. Amphetamines have a longer duration of action than cocaine.

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Cocaine and its misuse

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that can be misused due to its euphoric effects. It shares similarities with amphetamines in its effects and potential for abuse.

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Withdrawal symptoms

The negative symptoms experienced when someone stops using a drug. Withdrawal symptoms from amphetamines can involve mood swings, fatigue, and sleep changes.

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Amphetamines: What are they?

Amphetamines are a group of stimulant drugs that increase alertness, reduce fatigue, and boost mood. They work by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.

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Cocaine: How does it work?

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant drug that increases alertness, energy, and feelings of euphoria. It works by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, leading to higher levels of these neurotransmitters.

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Nicotine: What is it?

Nicotine is a highly addictive substance found in tobacco products. It acts as a stimulant and can lead to both short-term and long-term health problems.

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Nicotine: How is it absorbed?

Nicotine enters the body through inhalation, oral mucosa, or skin absorption. The amount absorbed depends on the depth of inhalation and frequency of use.

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Nicotine: How is it eliminated?

Nicotine is quickly metabolized in the liver and its metabolites are excreted in urine. Its half-life in the body is approximately 2 hours.

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How does nicotine work in the brain?

Nicotine acts on nicotinic receptors in the brain, mimicking the effects of acetylcholine. This activation leads to increased alertness, memory, and attention, but also carries the risk of agitation, tremors, and seizures at high doses.

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Long-term effects of smoking: What are they?

Long-term smoking has serious consequences for health. Tobacco smoke contains dangerous chemicals that can lead to cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.

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Nicotine replacement therapies: What are they?

Nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) provide a controlled dose of nicotine to help reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings in smokers trying to quit.

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How does cocaine work?

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that affects the central nervous system. It works by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the brain, leading to an increase in their levels and causing feelings of euphoria, increased energy, and alertness.

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Why is cocaine so addictive?

Cocaine is highly addictive due to its rapid effects and the potent feelings of euphoria it produces.

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What are the long-term effects of cocaine use?

Long-term cocaine use can lead to a range of serious health problems, including paranoia, hallucinations, impaired sexual function, brain damage, high blood pressure, and heart rhythm irregularities.

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What happens when cocaine is mixed with alcohol?

Mixing cocaine with alcohol creates a dangerous chemical called cocaethylene, which increases the intensity of euphoria but also raises blood pressure, promotes violent thoughts, and impairs judgement.

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Why is cocaine misused?

Cocaine is often misused and is often used in combination with other psychoactive substances, due to its rapid effects and potential for euphoria.

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How does tolerance develop with cocaine?

Although a tolerance to cocaine's euphoric effects develops, tolerance to its psychotic and behavioral effects doesn't. This means users are likely to experience paranoia and hallucinations even with continued use.

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What are the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal?

Cocaine withdrawal symptoms include mood depression, prolonged sleep, increased appetite, lack of energy, and fatigue. These symptoms are similar to those experienced during amphetamine withdrawal.

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What contributes to cocaine's high potential for misuse?

Cocaine's potential for misuse is high due to its rapid effects, euphoria, and ability to be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. Its harmfulness, however, does not appear to deter misuse.

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Study Notes

Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

  • A SUD is considered severe when an individual meets a minimum of 2 criteria.
  • Social Impairments: Persistent social or interpersonal problems that affect roles at school, work, or home.
  • Risky Use: Using the substance in physically hazardous situations or despite physiological/psychological problems.
  • Impaired Control: Ongoing craving for the substance (addiction).
  • Withdrawal: Experiencing withdrawal syndrome when stopping use.
  • Tolerance: The individual develops tolerance to the substance.
  • Addiction: Emotional and mental obsession with the drug's effects, leading to impaired control. Discontinuing use results in non-physical symptoms.

Dopamine Hypothesis

  • Explains addiction through a hypothesis that commonly misused drugs increase dopamine in reward systems (limbic system) of the brain.
  • Dopaminergic systems are responsible for natural rewards like food, sex, and stimulus-related rewards (e.g., video games, gambling).
  • Drugs associated with addiction increase dopamine communication in the brain.

Characteristics of Addictive Drugs

  • Addictive drugs are categorized by their effects.
  • Increase Dopamine: Certain drugs (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, opioids) influence brain reward systems.
  • Produce Novelty: Drugs like LSD and ecstasy produce novel feelings.
  • Reduce Anxiety: Drugs like benzodiazepines and barbiturates reduce anxiety.

Drug Withdrawal

  • Withdrawal syndrome arises after discontinuation or dosage reduction of a drug.
  • Withdrawal severity increases with the speed of drug withdrawal.
  • Biological processes accommodating the drug may take longer to reverse.
  • Withdrawal symptoms are typically the opposite of the drug's effects (e.g., stimulants lead to sleepiness and opioids lead to muscle aches).

Drug Tolerance

  • Tolerance is a state where repeated drug administration results in a progressively lower pharmacological effect.
  • It can manifest as needing a higher dose to achieve the same effect.
  • Biological systems accommodate the drug's presence.
  • Tolerance is expressed as a reduced duration of action and decreased magnitude of effect of the drug.

Factors Influencing SUD

  • Genetic Factors: Genetic mutations in dopaminergic pathways can increase risk for SUD.
  • Pre-existing mental disorders: Individuals with conditions like anxiety and depression are at higher risk for SUD.
  • Environmental factors: Exposure to environments that promote drug use (e.g., family dynamics, trauma) increase SUD risk.
  • Developmental factors: Adolescence and early adulthood are periods of heightened vulnerability to SUD initiation.
  • Stigma of SUD impacts how professionals assess and treat those with the condition.

Harm Reduction

  • A strategy meant to reduce negative consequences from substance use, without judgment.
  • Aims to improve health. This strategy targets potential negative consequences in two ways:
  • Health Harms: The goal is to reduce mortality and morbidity from substance misuse.
  • Societal Harms: Decrease lost productivity, child-related problems, and criminal activity.

Hallucinogens

  • Certain drugs, such as LSD, are thought to cause addiction but not withdrawal.

Amphetamines and Cocaine

  • Both are controlled substances in Canada.
  • Similar structures to neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and dopamine).
  • Both substances increase excitation by increasing dopamine or norepinephrine.
  • These substances are substrates for dopamine transporters.

Cocaine

  • Cocaine is a stimulant and a popular recreational drug.
  • Inhibits dopamine reuptake, leading to increased concentration in the synaptic cleft.
  • Classified pharmacologically as a local anesthetic.

Nicotine

  • Found in tobacco.
  • Rapidly absorbed and distributed to the brain.
  • Stimulates nicotinic receptors to affect psychomotor activity, cognitive function, and memory.
  • High doses can lead to agitation or seizures.

Caffeine

  • Found in coffee, tea, and chocolate.
  • A competitive inhibitor for adenosine receptors, reducing drowsiness and fatigue.
  • Mild to moderate intake is not associated with significant adverse events,
  • Higher doses can produce restlessness, nervousness, insomnia.

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PHAR 100 Module 2: Drug Misuse and Addiction PDF

Description

Explore the critical factors surrounding Substance Use Disorder and the Dopamine Hypothesis in this informative quiz. Understand the criteria for severe SUD, the implications of social impairments, and the neurobiological mechanisms behind addiction. Test your knowledge on how these concepts intertwine with the brain's reward systems.

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