Substance Use Disorder and Dopamine Hypothesis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of using benzodiazepines in elite athletes?

  • To combat insomnia and anxiety (correct)
  • To increase red blood cell production
  • To improve psychomotor coordination
  • To enhance muscle mass

    • Blood doping can be detected by measuring the age of the red blood cells.

    True

    What does EPO stand for in the context of performance enhancement?

    Erythropoietin

    Diuretics enhance the excretion of ______ and water through the kidneys.

    <p>salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following performance-enhancing substances to their effects:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Combat insomnia and anxiety Blood doping = Reinfusion of athlete's own RBCs Erythropoietin = Stimulates production of more RBCs Diuretics = Enhance excretion of salt and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major cause of insomnia when using amphetamines?

    <p>Excitatory effect on the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocaine increases the concentration of dopamine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of concurrent drug-use?

    <p>Drug-drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphetamines have a potential for misuse and substance use disorder (SUD).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components responsible for addiction in tobacco?

    <p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is commonly treated with amphetamines?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each year, ____ Canadians die from tobacco use.

    <p>48,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of nicotine in the body?

    <p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stopping the use of amphetamines can lead to mood __________.

    <p>depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pharmacokinetic processes of nicotine:

    <p>Absorption = Rapidly from inhalation and GI tract Distribution = Rapidly to the brain Metabolism = Through the liver Excretion = In urine as metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the typical duration of action for cocaine?

    <p>Less than one hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances to their classification or characteristic:

    <p>Cocaine = Local anesthetic and CNS stimulant Amphetamines = Can calm hyperactivity Methamphetamine = Produces powerful euphoria Ritalin = Used to treat attention disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The social and economic cost of tobacco use in Canada is approximately $16 billion per year.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects do not develop tolerance in long-term amphetamine usage?

    <p>Therapeutic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic forms is nicotine commonly used in?

    <p>Gum, transdermal patches, and buccal spray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocaine is more harmful than amphetamines in all aspects of toxicity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for Substance Use Disorder (SUD)?

    <p>Physical addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Withdrawal syndrome occurs when an individual stops using a substance they are addicted to.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one class of drugs that increase dopamine in the brain.

    <p>Central Nervous System Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Dopamine Hypothesis, drugs associated with addiction increase ______ in the brain's reward systems.

    <p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following categories of addictive drugs with examples:

    <p>CNS Stimulants = Cocaine Opioids = Heroin Novelty Producers = LSD Cannabis = Marijuana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of addictive drugs?

    <p>They cause emotional and mental obsession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerance means that an individual requires less of a substance to achieve the same effect as before.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of stopping the use of an addictive substance?

    <p>Non-physical symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of harm reduction?

    <p>Decrease health and societal harms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All drugs eventually lead to addiction if misused.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as using a drug in ways or amounts other than prescribed?

    <p>Misuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary mechanisms of action of cocaine?

    <p>Reuptake inhibition of dopamine and serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency of a specific drug to be misused is referred to as its ______.

    <p>misuse potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug classes with their characteristics regarding tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction:

    <p>Opioids = Yes, Yes, Yes CNS Depressants = Yes, Yes, Yes Hallucinogens (LSD) = Yes, No, Yes Cannabis (THC) = Yes, Yes, Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocaine is used as a local anesthetic in modern medicine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect the misuse potential of a drug?

    <p>Color of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of long-term cocaine use related to mental health?

    <p>Toxic psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using cocaine with alcohol can lead to the formation of an active metabolite called __________.

    <p>cocaethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supervised injection sites are a method used in harm reduction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their respective consequences of cocaine use:

    <p>Tolerance = Rapid euphoria with lowered psychotic response Withdrawal = Mood depression and fatigue Psychosis = Hallucinations and paranoia Cardiovascular effects = High blood pressure and irregular heart rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does frequent alcohol use impact the risk of tolerance and addiction?

    <p>Increases risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does tolerance have on users of cocaine?

    <p>It develops towards euphoria only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocaine can cause changes to the nasal mucosa when sniffed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug interactions are commonly associated with cocaine usage?

    <p>Concurrently with other psychoactive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

    • A SUD is considered severe when an individual meets a minimum of 2 criteria.
    • Social Impairments: Persistent social or interpersonal problems that affect roles at school, work, or home.
    • Risky Use: Using the substance in physically hazardous situations or despite physiological/psychological problems.
    • Impaired Control: Ongoing craving for the substance (addiction).
    • Withdrawal: Experiencing withdrawal syndrome when stopping use.
    • Tolerance: The individual develops tolerance to the substance.
    • Addiction: Emotional and mental obsession with the drug's effects, leading to impaired control. Discontinuing use results in non-physical symptoms.

    Dopamine Hypothesis

    • Explains addiction through a hypothesis that commonly misused drugs increase dopamine in reward systems (limbic system) of the brain.
    • Dopaminergic systems are responsible for natural rewards like food, sex, and stimulus-related rewards (e.g., video games, gambling).
    • Drugs associated with addiction increase dopamine communication in the brain.

    Characteristics of Addictive Drugs

    • Addictive drugs are categorized by their effects.
    • Increase Dopamine: Certain drugs (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, opioids) influence brain reward systems.
    • Produce Novelty: Drugs like LSD and ecstasy produce novel feelings.
    • Reduce Anxiety: Drugs like benzodiazepines and barbiturates reduce anxiety.

    Drug Withdrawal

    • Withdrawal syndrome arises after discontinuation or dosage reduction of a drug.
    • Withdrawal severity increases with the speed of drug withdrawal.
    • Biological processes accommodating the drug may take longer to reverse.
    • Withdrawal symptoms are typically the opposite of the drug's effects (e.g., stimulants lead to sleepiness and opioids lead to muscle aches).

    Drug Tolerance

    • Tolerance is a state where repeated drug administration results in a progressively lower pharmacological effect.
    • It can manifest as needing a higher dose to achieve the same effect.
    • Biological systems accommodate the drug's presence.
    • Tolerance is expressed as a reduced duration of action and decreased magnitude of effect of the drug.

    Factors Influencing SUD

    • Genetic Factors: Genetic mutations in dopaminergic pathways can increase risk for SUD.
    • Pre-existing mental disorders: Individuals with conditions like anxiety and depression are at higher risk for SUD.
    • Environmental factors: Exposure to environments that promote drug use (e.g., family dynamics, trauma) increase SUD risk.
    • Developmental factors: Adolescence and early adulthood are periods of heightened vulnerability to SUD initiation.
    • Stigma of SUD impacts how professionals assess and treat those with the condition.

    Harm Reduction

    • A strategy meant to reduce negative consequences from substance use, without judgment.
    • Aims to improve health. This strategy targets potential negative consequences in two ways:
    • Health Harms: The goal is to reduce mortality and morbidity from substance misuse.
    • Societal Harms: Decrease lost productivity, child-related problems, and criminal activity.

    Hallucinogens

    • Certain drugs, such as LSD, are thought to cause addiction but not withdrawal.

    Amphetamines and Cocaine

    • Both are controlled substances in Canada.
    • Similar structures to neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and dopamine).
    • Both substances increase excitation by increasing dopamine or norepinephrine.
    • These substances are substrates for dopamine transporters.

    Cocaine

    • Cocaine is a stimulant and a popular recreational drug.
    • Inhibits dopamine reuptake, leading to increased concentration in the synaptic cleft.
    • Classified pharmacologically as a local anesthetic.

    Nicotine

    • Found in tobacco.
    • Rapidly absorbed and distributed to the brain.
    • Stimulates nicotinic receptors to affect psychomotor activity, cognitive function, and memory.
    • High doses can lead to agitation or seizures.

    Caffeine

    • Found in coffee, tea, and chocolate.
    • A competitive inhibitor for adenosine receptors, reducing drowsiness and fatigue.
    • Mild to moderate intake is not associated with significant adverse events,
    • Higher doses can produce restlessness, nervousness, insomnia.

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    PHAR 100 Module 2: Drug Misuse and Addiction PDF

    Description

    Explore the critical factors surrounding Substance Use Disorder and the Dopamine Hypothesis in this informative quiz. Understand the criteria for severe SUD, the implications of social impairments, and the neurobiological mechanisms behind addiction. Test your knowledge on how these concepts intertwine with the brain's reward systems.

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