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Questions and Answers
Which brain area is primarily involved in cue-associated drug-seeking during the escalation of substance use?
Which brain area is primarily involved in cue-associated drug-seeking during the escalation of substance use?
What role do limbic regions play in substance withdrawal and relapse?
What role do limbic regions play in substance withdrawal and relapse?
In addiction, which area is considered the final common pathway driving relapse behavior?
In addiction, which area is considered the final common pathway driving relapse behavior?
Which of the following areas is implicated in the deficits associated with attention in ADHD?
Which of the following areas is implicated in the deficits associated with attention in ADHD?
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Which neurotransmitter's infusion can trigger relapse when administered in limbic areas?
Which neurotransmitter's infusion can trigger relapse when administered in limbic areas?
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What is a common characteristic of individuals with ADHD regarding reward processing?
What is a common characteristic of individuals with ADHD regarding reward processing?
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What is thought to underlie the loss of behavioral control in substance use disorders?
What is thought to underlie the loss of behavioral control in substance use disorders?
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Which areas are associated with challenges in temporal perception and timing in ADHD?
Which areas are associated with challenges in temporal perception and timing in ADHD?
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What is primarily regulated by the dorsal striatum in the context of substance use?
What is primarily regulated by the dorsal striatum in the context of substance use?
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How do impairments in prefrontal cortical areas affect individuals dealing with substance use?
How do impairments in prefrontal cortical areas affect individuals dealing with substance use?
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Which area is indicated to be activated by stress-evoked relapse in substance use disorder?
Which area is indicated to be activated by stress-evoked relapse in substance use disorder?
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What role do limbic regions such as the hippocampus and amygdala play in addiction?
What role do limbic regions such as the hippocampus and amygdala play in addiction?
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In the context of craving and addiction, which aspect is noted to be significant regarding the dorsal striatum?
In the context of craving and addiction, which aspect is noted to be significant regarding the dorsal striatum?
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What is the minimum number of ADHD criteria necessary for adults to be diagnosed with ADHD?
What is the minimum number of ADHD criteria necessary for adults to be diagnosed with ADHD?
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What percentage of adults with confirmed ADHD may also have a comorbid mood disorder?
What percentage of adults with confirmed ADHD may also have a comorbid mood disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of substance use disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of substance use disorders?
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What stage of addiction is characterized by long-term changes in brain networks involved in reward and executive function?
What stage of addiction is characterized by long-term changes in brain networks involved in reward and executive function?
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How many estimated individuals in the US suffer from a substance use disorder?
How many estimated individuals in the US suffer from a substance use disorder?
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What describes the escalation of drug use in addiction?
What describes the escalation of drug use in addiction?
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Substance use disorders commonly result in which type of mortality risk?
Substance use disorders commonly result in which type of mortality risk?
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Which phenomenon may characterize individuals with 'new-onset' adult ADHD?
Which phenomenon may characterize individuals with 'new-onset' adult ADHD?
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What brain area is primarily associated with deficits in inhibiting motor responses in individuals with ADHD?
What brain area is primarily associated with deficits in inhibiting motor responses in individuals with ADHD?
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Which neuroanatomical region is believed to be involved in attention deficits, rather than motor response inhibition, in ADHD?
Which neuroanatomical region is believed to be involved in attention deficits, rather than motor response inhibition, in ADHD?
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What characteristic is often observed in individuals with ADHD related to their reward sensitivity?
What characteristic is often observed in individuals with ADHD related to their reward sensitivity?
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Which network is suspected to be excessively active in individuals with ADHD?
Which network is suspected to be excessively active in individuals with ADHD?
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What stage of substance use involves acute reinforcement and drug use primarily affecting the mesocorticolimbic pathway?
What stage of substance use involves acute reinforcement and drug use primarily affecting the mesocorticolimbic pathway?
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Which brain area is primarily involved in the reinforcement and reward process during substance use?
Which brain area is primarily involved in the reinforcement and reward process during substance use?
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Stimulant medications for ADHD are thought to impact which type of receptors primarily?
Stimulant medications for ADHD are thought to impact which type of receptors primarily?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily released in greater amounts due to the influence of drugs of abuse?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily released in greater amounts due to the influence of drugs of abuse?
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Which brain areas are implicated in challenges with temporal perception in individuals with ADHD?
Which brain areas are implicated in challenges with temporal perception in individuals with ADHD?
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During the escalation of substance use, which of the following brain areas becomes activated and associated with 'habit-forming' behavior?
During the escalation of substance use, which of the following brain areas becomes activated and associated with 'habit-forming' behavior?
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The neuroanatomy of ADHD presented suggests a lateralization in brain networks primarily on which side?
The neuroanatomy of ADHD presented suggests a lateralization in brain networks primarily on which side?
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What is one of the main challenges observed with neuroimaging findings in humans regarding ADHD?
What is one of the main challenges observed with neuroimaging findings in humans regarding ADHD?
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What happens to the priority of reward stimuli when the reward system is 'highjacked' by substances?
What happens to the priority of reward stimuli when the reward system is 'highjacked' by substances?
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Which brain structure is specifically noted for its role in regulating emotion and cognitive control during substance use?
Which brain structure is specifically noted for its role in regulating emotion and cognitive control during substance use?
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What is an effect of certain cues being present in individuals with a history of substance use?
What is an effect of certain cues being present in individuals with a history of substance use?
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Which of the following pathways is described as having a mesocortical component that influences cognitive control?
Which of the following pathways is described as having a mesocortical component that influences cognitive control?
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What is the prevalence of ADHD among school-age children?
What is the prevalence of ADHD among school-age children?
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Which presentation of ADHD involves having six or more symptoms of inattention with few symptoms of hyperactivity?
Which presentation of ADHD involves having six or more symptoms of inattention with few symptoms of hyperactivity?
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What is one of the inattentive symptoms of ADHD in adults?
What is one of the inattentive symptoms of ADHD in adults?
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What age must symptoms of ADHD be present before, according to the DSM V criteria?
What age must symptoms of ADHD be present before, according to the DSM V criteria?
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Which of the following is a hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom in children?
Which of the following is a hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom in children?
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In adults with ADHD, which behavior is commonly seen during meetings or lectures?
In adults with ADHD, which behavior is commonly seen during meetings or lectures?
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Which of the following criteria is NOT required for diagnosing ADHD in children?
Which of the following criteria is NOT required for diagnosing ADHD in children?
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Which symptom is indicative of the predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation in ADHD?
Which symptom is indicative of the predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation in ADHD?
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Approximately what percentage of children with ADHD will continue to show symptoms into adulthood?
Approximately what percentage of children with ADHD will continue to show symptoms into adulthood?
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What is a common symptom of inattention in children with ADHD?
What is a common symptom of inattention in children with ADHD?
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Study Notes
Substance Use Stages: Neuroanatomy & Neurochemistry
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Stage 2 (Escalation): Dorsal striatum implicated in cue-associated and goal-directed drug-seeking, potentially more crucial for craving than the nucleus accumbens. Loss of behavioral control and inhibition are linked to prefrontal cortex impairments.
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Stage 2 (Escalation): Cue-associated drug-seeking and administration are aspects of the dorsal striatum involvement. Goal-directed drug-seeking behavior and craving are key aspects of escalation. The dorsal striatum is primarily involved in regulating movement and habits, not reward.
Stage 3 (Withdrawal & Relapse):
- Ventral tegmental area (VTA): Involved in all addiction stages.
- Nucleus accumbens, Prefrontal Cortex: Central areas form a final common pathway driving relapse.
- Limbic Regions (Hippocampus, Amygdala): Involved in cue-related relapses/cravings, particularly later in addiction.
- Outer Nucleus Accumbens, Amygdala, Limbic Lobe: Activated by stress-evoked relapse. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or cortisol infusion in these regions can trigger relapse.
ADHD Neuroanatomy & Neurochemistry
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Limited Human Evidence: Animal models less robust than in addiction; multiple theories about neuroimaging findings. Wide range of variation in human findings.
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Inhibited Motor Responses: Deficits related to frontal cortex areas (executive function), dorsal striatum (caudate), and thalamus.
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Attention Deficits: Similar areas (putamen instead of striatum) involved.
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Temporal Perception Challenges: Parietal regions and cerebellum also implicated.
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Enhanced Reward Anticipation: Ventral striatum and VTA, similar pathways as substance use disorder. Increased focus on immediate vs. delayed rewards.
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Default-Mode Network (at rest): Active network including medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex (medial parietal lobe), potentially excessively active in individuals with ADHD.
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Alerting Network (sustaining attention): Various frontal and parietal cortex regions, and thalamus.
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ADHD Theory: Individuals with ADHD potentially have an excessively active default-mode network.
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Neurochemistry Unclear: D1 receptors and alpha-adrenoreceptors are possible targets of stimulant medications' impact/activation. Stimulant use alters dopamine uptake transporters.
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Lateralization: Networks are primarily implicated in the right hemisphere.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry related to substance use stages and ADHD. The quiz covers key brain regions involved in addiction, cravings, withdrawal, and the limited human evidence concerning ADHD. Challenge yourself on the connections between the brain structures and their roles in these conditions.
