Psychomotor stimulants

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Questions and Answers

What was the original purpose of Coca-Cola when it was introduced by John Pemberton?

As a stimulant for increasing productivity

As an alternative to alcohol during the temperance movement (correct)

As a recreational beverage for social gatherings

As a medicinal drink for treating ailments

Who recommended cocaine for various ailments and initially declared it as non-addictive?

John Pemberton

Eric Clapton

Sigmund Freud (correct)

John Pemberton's associate

What plant is cocaine derived from?

Atropa belladonna

Papaver somniferum

Cannabis sativa

Erythroxylon coca (correct)

What was the content of Coca-Cola until 1903?

Caffeine and cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Which song mentions the use of cocaine in its lyrics?

Cocaine by Eric Clapton Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced Coca-Cola?

John Pemberton Signup and view all the answers

What did Sigmund Freud recommend cocaine for?

Many ailments Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial perception of cocaine's addictiveness?

It was initially declared as non-addictive Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system is less responsive to dopamine reuptake blocking in dependent individuals?

Dopaminergic system Signup and view all the answers

What can high-dose cocaine use lead to?

Elevated body temperature and multiple organ failure Signup and view all the answers

Which drug has shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food in some studies related to cocaine abuse treatment?

GLP-1 agonists Signup and view all the answers

Which neurons produce GLP-1?

Neurons in the NTS Signup and view all the answers

What are some natural amphetamines?

Cathinone and ephedrine Signup and view all the answers

Which individual contributed to the understanding of amphetamines?

Alexander Shulgin Signup and view all the answers

What are amphetamine and methamphetamine also known as?

Uppers Signup and view all the answers

How are amphetamine and methamphetamine metabolized by the liver?

At a slow rate Signup and view all the answers

How do amphetamine and methamphetamine enter dopamine nerve terminals?

By uptake by dopamine transporter (DAT) Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs are amphetamine and methamphetamine in relation to the catecholaminergic systems?

Agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GLP-1 in relation to the mesolimbic dopamine circuit?

It regulates dopamine release Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chronic cocaine use on organ systems?

It affects multiple organ systems Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic use of amphetamines?

Treatment for narcolepsy Signup and view all the answers

What effect can low doses of psychostimulants like methylphenidate have on children with ADHD?

Produce a calming effect in over half of children with ADHD Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters do amphetamine analogues affect in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD?

Dopamine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What was the prevalence of diagnosed ADHD in US children and adolescents in 2015-2016?

10.2% Signup and view all the answers

What brain areas does methamphetamine use cause damage to?

Dopamine axons, terminals, and serotonergic fibers Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by broken, discolored, and rotting teeth associated with heavy methamphetamine use?

Meth mouth Signup and view all the answers

What are synthetic cathinones, also known as 'Bath Salts' or 'Zombie drugs,' chemically similar to?

Amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which methamphetamine causes a decrease in secretions from salivary glands?

Increase in synaptic dopamine levels in peripheral nerve terminals Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of psychostimulant withdrawal symptoms?

Psychological rather than physiological Signup and view all the answers

What does Gawin and Kleber's Phasal Model of Cocaine Withdrawal describe?

Phases of cocaine withdrawal, including the initial 'crash' phase and subsequent 'withdrawal' phase Signup and view all the answers

What effect do synthetic cathinones, also known as 'Bath Salts' or 'Zombie drugs,' have when used?

Paranoia, hallucinations, and increased sociability Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life range for the rapid elimination of cocaine?

1 to 3 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason crack cocaine is considered a less expensive form of cocaine powder?

It produces profound euphoria Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is NOT suitable for crack cocaine?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of two-thirds of Philadelphia's unintentional drug overdose fatalities the previous year?

Fentanyl Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of smoking crack cocaine on the brain?

Large surge of cocaine in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter whose reuptake is blocked by cocaine?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary acute effect of cocaine?

Extreme happiness and energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cocaine at high concentrations?

Act as a local anesthetic Signup and view all the answers

What group of individuals discussed the fentanyl-laced crack cocaine overdoses in West Philadelphia?

Middle-aged Black men Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range of the majority of the fentanyl overdose victims in Philadelphia?

40 to 50 years old Signup and view all the answers

What did the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduce the 1:100 rule for crack to cocaine to?

1:18 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the majority of unintentional drug overdose fatalities in Philadelphia?

Fentanyl Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the addictive potential of intense sweetness as mentioned in the text?

It may result from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants due to the evolution of sweet receptors in mammals. Signup and view all the answers

What did a genomic analysis reveal about individuals with increased levels of dopamine transporter (DAT) due to a polymorphism in the DAT gene?

They had a greater behavioral response to cocaine challenge. Signup and view all the answers

What is a physiological effect of chronic cocaine exposure mentioned in the text?

Reduced dopamine release and clearance. Signup and view all the answers

What did animals trained to press a lever for either saccharin or IV cocaine show a preference for, despite cocaine having a higher breaking point?

Saccharin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the acute effects of cocaine?

Activation leading to increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. Signup and view all the answers

What did PET imaging of cocaine-dependent individuals show regarding D2 receptor binding?

Reduced baseline D2 receptor binding. Signup and view all the answers

What is observed in rats genetically divided into low and high cocaine responder groups?

Differences in dopamine signaling and locomotor behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor contributing to chronic cocaine abuse as mentioned in the text?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What did the transition from recreational to compulsive cocaine use model show?

Escalating intake and increased reward response in long-access sessions. Signup and view all the answers

What did chronic cocaine exposure lead to in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc)?

Adaptations underlying tolerance and sensitization. Signup and view all the answers

What did cocaine-dependent individuals show in terms of D2 receptor binding?

Reduced baseline D2 receptor binding. Signup and view all the answers

Animals trained to press a lever for either saccharin or IV cocaine showed a preference for ______, despite cocaine having a higher breaking point

saccharin Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine, a psychomotor stimulant, activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, hypertension, and ______

hyperthermia Signup and view all the answers

Rats genetically divided into low and high cocaine responder groups showed differences in dopamine signaling and ______ behavior

locomotor Signup and view all the answers

In humans, the intensity of the 'high' from cocaine depends on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy, rate of occupancy, baseline DA release, and individual ______

differences Signup and view all the answers

A genomic analysis revealed that individuals with increased levels of DAT due to a polymorphism in the DAT gene had a greater behavioral response to ______ challenge

cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cocaine exposure leads to adaptations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) underlying tolerance and sensitization, resulting in reduced dopamine release and ______

clearance Signup and view all the answers

Transition from recreational to compulsive cocaine use is modeled, showing escalating intake and increased reward response in ______ sessions

long-access Signup and view all the answers

Factors contributing to chronic cocaine abuse include tolerance to euphoric effects, comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, incubation of craving, and abnormal prefrontal cortex ______

function Signup and view all the answers

PET imaging of cocaine-dependent individuals showed reduced baseline D2 receptor binding, indicating neurochemical changes in the brain due to chronic cocaine ______

use Signup and view all the answers

The addictive potential of intense sweetness may result from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants due to the evolution of sweet receptors in ______

mammals Signup and view all the answers

Thalamic hemorrhage and changes in blood vessels are observed after cocaine use, signifying reduced blood ______

flow Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine has powerful reinforcing properties and high abuse potential, often with no alternative reinforcer available in ______ studies

self-administration Signup and view all the answers

Crack cocaine can be taken orally, intranasally, or ______, but it cannot be smoked as it breaks down when heated

intravenously Signup and view all the answers

The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduced the 1:100 rule for crack to cocaine to ______

1:18 Signup and view all the answers

Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, caused two-thirds of Philadelphia's 1,217 unintentional drug overdose fatalities the previous year. Over the last two weeks, at least 20 people in Philadelphia's Powelton Village and Mantua neighborhoods suffered fentanyl overdoses, with two ______

fatalities Signup and view all the answers

The victims were mostly African American, two-thirds male, and mostly between 40 to 50 years old. Smoking crack cocaine results in a large surge of cocaine in the brain, contributing to its strong ______ properties

addictive Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is lipophilic, passes through the blood-brain barrier, and is rapidly eliminated with a half-life ranging from 0.5 to ______ hours

1.5 Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and ______, leading to its stimulating, reinforcing, and addictive properties

serotonin Signup and view all the answers

At high concentrations, cocaine also acts as a local anesthetic by inhibiting voltage-gated ______ channels

Na^+ Signup and view all the answers

The acute effects of cocaine include extreme happiness, energy, mental alertness, hypersensitivity to stimuli, irritability, and paranoia; large amounts can lead to bizarre and ______ behavior

violent Signup and view all the answers

Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, caused two-thirds of Philadelphia's 1,217 unintentional drug overdose fatalities the previous year. Over the last two weeks, at least 20 people in Philadelphia's Powelton Village and Mantua neighborhoods suffered fentanyl overdoses, with two ______

fatalities Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is lipophilic, passes through the blood-brain barrier, and is rapidly eliminated with a half-life ranging from 0.5 to ______ hours

1.5 Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and ______, leading to its stimulating, reinforcing, and addictive properties

serotonin Signup and view all the answers

At high concentrations, cocaine also acts as a local anesthetic by inhibiting voltage-gated ______ channels

Na^+ Signup and view all the answers

Low doses of psychostimulants like ______ can produce a calming effect in over half of children with ADHD

methylphenidate Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine analogues such as ______ affect dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD

Dexedrine, Adderall, Vyanse, and Ritalin Signup and view all the answers

The prevalence of diagnosed ADHD in US children and adolescents increased from 6.1% in 1997-1998 to ______ in 2015-2016

10.2% Signup and view all the answers

Methamphetamine use causes damage to dopamine axons and terminals, as well as ______ fibers in several brain areas

serotonergic Signup and view all the answers

Chronic methamphetamine and methcathinone use leads to a reduction in striatal dopamine transporter binding, similar to the damage seen in ______ patients

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

Heavy methamphetamine use is associated with cardiovascular problems, premature aging, and a condition known as '______' characterized by broken, discolored, and rotting teeth

meth mouth Signup and view all the answers

Synthetic cathinones, also known as 'Bath Salts' or 'Zombie drugs,' are chemically similar to amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA, and can cause ______ when used

paranoia, hallucinations, and increased sociability Signup and view all the answers

Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic drug that causes an increase in synaptic dopamine levels in peripheral nerve terminals, leading to a decrease in secretions from ______ and contributing to poor oral hygiene

salivary glands Signup and view all the answers

Gawin and Kleber's Phasal Model of Cocaine Withdrawal describes the phases of cocaine withdrawal, including the initial 'crash' phase and subsequent 'withdrawal' phase

crash, withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

Withdrawal from psychostimulants has a ______ rather than physiological component and may lead to a rebound to enhance peripheral activity

psychological Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamines have various therapeutic uses including nasal and bronchial decongestants, ______ treatment, and appetite suppression

narcolepsy Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine analogues such as Dexedrine, Adderall, Vyanse, and Ritalin affect ______ activity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD

dopamine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

event

STC PHILLY EVENTS Signup and view all the answers

details

Tuesday (Today) we are volunteering with Savage Sisters for outreach from 5:30 to 6:30pm. If anyone is interested in, please email us at <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>. Signup and view all the answers

topics

Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cocaine use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death. There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

ketamine Signup and view all the answers

GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food. Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the ______.

mesolimbic DA circuit Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamines, including amphetamine and methamphetamine, are synthetic derivatives of phenylethylamine and natural amphetamines include ______, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine.

cathinone Signup and view all the answers

Alexander Shulgin, also known as Dr. Ecstasy, wrote 'Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved' and contributed to the understanding of ______.

amphetamines Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine and methamphetamine, also known as 'uppers,' 'bennies,' 'dexies,' 'black beauties,' 'diet pills,' 'meth,' 'speed,' 'crank,' and 'zip,' have long half-lives and are metabolized by the liver at a slow rate. Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______.

cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

gene therapy Signup and view all the answers

Clinical trials using older GLP-1 analogs have been completed, and new trials using ______ are underway to determine its capabilities against addiction and to identify which patients are most likely to benefit.

semaglutide Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______.

cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

GLP-1 agonists Signup and view all the answers

Methylphenidate has a greater effect in control subjects, while the DA system in dependent individuals is less responsive to DA reuptake blocking, contributing to behavioral tolerance and a 'hypodopaminergic' state. Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death. There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

methylphenidate Signup and view all the answers

GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food. Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the ______, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA circuit.

NTS Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death. There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

ketamine Signup and view all the answers

STC PHILLY EVENTS Tuesday (Today) we are volunteering with Savage Sisters for outreach from ______ to 6:30pm

5:30 Signup and view all the answers

Please email us at [email protected] if anyone is interested in ______.

volunteering Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is an alkaloid found in the leaves of the Erythroxylon coca plant. Sigmund Freud recommended it for many ailments and initially declared it was non-addictive, and it was used as a local ______ anaesthetic.

beneficial Signup and view all the answers

In 1886, Coca-Cola was introduced by John Pemberton and contained caffeine and ______ (until 1903).

cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Basic Pharmacology of Cocaine: Cocaine alkaloid extracted from coca leaves. Cocaine ______.

alkaloid Signup and view all the answers

STC PHILLY EVENTS Tuesday (Today) we are ______ with Savage Sisters for outreach from 5:30 to 6:30pm.

volunteering Signup and view all the answers

12 Psychomotor Stimulants: ______ and the Amphetamines

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine: Background and History “If you got that lose, you want to kick them blues, ______ When your day is done, and you want to ride on cocaine She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, Cocaine” Eric Clapton, Cocaine

cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine: Background and History Sigmund Freud recommended it for many ailments declared it was non-addictive tamed was thou (PO) about ant erect local ______ anaesthetic

beneficial Signup and view all the answers

STC PHILLY EVENTS Tuesday (Today) we are volunteering with Savage Sisters for outreach from 5:30 to 6:30pm. If anyone is interested in, please email us at [email protected]. 12 Psychomotor Stimulants: and the Amphetamines Psychomotor Stimulants: and the Amphetamines Amphetamines Background Background Pharmacology Pharmacology Mechanisms of Action Mechanisms of Action Acute Effects Behavioral and Neural Effects Chronic Effects Treatment Options for Abuse Stimulant Withdrawal Psychomotor Stimulants: and the Amphetamines Past Year Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant Misuse: Among People Aged 12 or Older; 2020 https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2020-nsduh-annual-national-report : Background and History . : Background and History “If you got that lose, you want to kick them blues, cocaine When your day is done, and you want to ride on cocaine She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, ” Eric Clapton, : Background and History Erythroxylon coca plant is an alkaloid found in the leaves : Background and History Sigmund Freud § recommended it for many ailments § declared it was non-addictive tamed was thou (PO) about ant erect local benericial anaesthetic In 1886, Coca-Cola: introduced by John Pemberton § contained caffeine and cocaine (until 1903) § marketed as an alternative to alcohol during the temperance movement § ~2 million “current users”; ~900,000 cocaine-dependent Basic Pharmacology and Mechanisms of Action Basic Pharmacology of alkaloid § extracted from coca leaves (0.

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine: Background and History “If you got that lose, you want to kick them blues, ______ When your day is done, and you want to ride on cocaine She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, Cocaine” Eric Clapton, Cocaine

cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______.

synapse Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cocaine exposure leads to adaptations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) underlying tolerance and sensitization, resulting in reduced dopamine release and ______

reward response Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine has powerful reinforcing properties and high abuse potential, often with no alternative reinforcer available in ______ studies

animal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter whose reuptake is blocked by cocaine?

dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What did the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduce the 1:100 rule for crack to cocaine to?

18:1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs are amphetamine and methamphetamine in relation to the catecholaminergic systems?

indirect agonists Signup and view all the answers

Animals trained to press a lever for either saccharin or IV cocaine showed a preference for ______, despite cocaine having a higher breaking point

saccharin Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine, a psychomotor stimulant, activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, hypertension, and ______

hyperthermia Signup and view all the answers

Rats genetically divided into low and high cocaine responder groups showed differences in ______ signaling and locomotor behavior

dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cocaine exposure leads to adaptations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) underlying tolerance and sensitization, resulting in reduced dopamine release and ______

clearance Signup and view all the answers

In humans, the intensity of the 'high' from cocaine depends on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy, rate of occupancy, baseline DA release, and individual ______

differences Signup and view all the answers

A genomic analysis revealed that individuals with increased levels of DAT due to a polymorphism in the DAT gene had a greater behavioral response to ______ challenge

cocaine Signup and view all the answers

The addictive potential of intense sweetness may result from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants due to the evolution of sweet receptors in ______

mammals Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine has powerful reinforcing properties and high abuse potential, often with no alternative reinforcer available in self-administration ______

studies Signup and view all the answers

Thalamic hemorrhage and changes in blood vessels are observed after cocaine use, signifying reduced blood ______

flow Signup and view all the answers

Transition from recreational to compulsive cocaine use is modeled, showing escalating intake and increased reward response in long-access ______

sessions Signup and view all the answers

Factors contributing to chronic cocaine abuse include tolerance to euphoric effects, comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, incubation of craving, and abnormal prefrontal cortex ______

function Signup and view all the answers

PET imaging of cocaine-dependent individuals showed reduced baseline D2 receptor binding, indicating neurochemical changes in the brain due to chronic cocaine ______

use Signup and view all the answers

Crack cocaine can be taken orally, intranasally, or intravenously, but it cannot be ______ as it breaks down when heated

smoked Signup and view all the answers

Crack cocaine is a less expensive form of cocaine powder and produces profound ______

euphoria Signup and view all the answers

The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduced the 1:100 rule for crack to cocaine to ______

1:18 Signup and view all the answers

In West Philadelphia, a group of ______ Black men discussed the fentanyl-laced crack cocaine overdoses

middle-aged Signup and view all the answers

Fentanyl, a ______ opioid, caused two-thirds of Philadelphia's 1,217 unintentional drug overdose fatalities the previous year

synthetic Signup and view all the answers

Over the last two weeks, at least ______ people in Philadelphia's Powelton Village and Mantua neighborhoods suffered fentanyl overdoses, with two fatalities

20 Signup and view all the answers

The victims were mostly African American, two-thirds male, and mostly between ______ years old

40 to 50 Signup and view all the answers

Smoking crack cocaine results in a large surge of cocaine in the brain, contributing to its strong ______ properties

addictive Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is lipophilic, passes through the blood-brain barrier, and is rapidly eliminated with a half-life ranging from ______ hours

0.5 to 1.5 Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and ______, leading to its stimulating, reinforcing, and addictive properties

serotonin Signup and view all the answers

At high concentrations, cocaine also acts as a local anesthetic by inhibiting voltage-gated ______ channels

Na+ Signup and view all the answers

The acute effects of cocaine include extreme happiness, energy, mental alertness, hypersensitivity to stimuli, irritability, and paranoia; large amounts can lead to bizarre and ______ behavior

violent Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamines affect ______ activity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD

dopamine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Low doses of psychostimulants like methylphenidate can produce a ______ in over half of children with ADHD

calming effect Signup and view all the answers

Methamphetamine use causes damage to dopamine axons and terminals, as well as ______ fibers in several brain areas

serotonergic Signup and view all the answers

Synthetic cathinones, also known as 'Bath Salts' or 'Zombie drugs,' are chemically similar to amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA, and can cause ______ when used

paranoia, hallucinations, and increased sociability Signup and view all the answers

Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic drug that causes an increase in synaptic dopamine levels in peripheral nerve terminals, leading to a ______ and contributing to poor oral hygiene

decrease in secretions from salivary glands Signup and view all the answers

Psychostimulant withdrawal often has ______, and cocaine withdrawal occurs rapidly due to its relatively short half-life

no visible physical symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Gawin and Kleber's Phasal Model of Cocaine Withdrawal describes the phases of cocaine withdrawal, including the initial 'crash' phase and subsequent 'withdrawal' phase

crash, withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

Behavioral and Neural Effects of Amphetamines Signup and view all the answers

The prevalence of diagnosed ADHD in US children and adolescents increased from 6.1% in 1997-1998 to ______ in 2015-2016

10.2% Signup and view all the answers

Chronic methamphetamine and methcathinone use leads to a ______, similar to the damage seen in Parkinson's disease patients

reduction in striatal dopamine transporter binding Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine analogues such as Dexedrine, Adderall, Vyanse, and Ritalin affect ______ activity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD

dopamine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Withdrawal from psychostimulants has a ______ and may lead to a rebound to enhance peripheral activity

psychological rather than physiological component Signup and view all the answers

Heavy methamphetamine use is associated with ______

cardiovascular problems, premature aging, and a condition known as 'meth mouth' characterized by broken, discolored, and rotting teeth Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamines, including amphetamine and methamphetamine, are synthetic derivatives of phenylethylamine and natural amphetamines include cathinone, ephedrine, and ______

pseudoephedrine Signup and view all the answers

Alexander Shulgin, also known as Dr. Ecstasy, wrote 'Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved' and contributed to the understanding of ______

amphetamines Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine and methamphetamine, also known as 'uppers,' 'bennies,' 'dexies,' 'black beauties,' 'diet pills,' 'meth,' 'speed,' 'crank,' and ______

zip Signup and view all the answers

GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food. Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA ______

circuit Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose ______

death Signup and view all the answers

There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable ______

food Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______

cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose ______

death Signup and view all the answers

GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food. Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA ______

circuit Signup and view all the answers

Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose ______

death Signup and view all the answers

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______

cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable ______

food Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Treatment Options for Cocaine Abuse and Amphetamines Background

Methylphenidate has a greater effect in control subjects, while the DA system in dependent individuals is less responsive to DA reuptake blocking, contributing to behavioral tolerance and a "hypodopaminergic" state.
Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death.
There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.
Clinical trials using older GLP-1 analogs have been completed, and new trials using semaglutide are underway to determine its capabilities against addiction and to identify which patients are most likely to benefit.
GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food.
Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA circuit.
Amphetamines, including amphetamine and methamphetamine, are synthetic derivatives of phenylethylamine and natural amphetamines include cathinone, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine.
Alexander Shulgin, also known as Dr. Ecstasy, wrote "Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved" and contributed to the understanding of amphetamines.
Amphetamine and methamphetamine, also known as "uppers," "bennies," "dexies," "black beauties," "diet pills," "meth," "speed," "crank," and "zip," have long half-lives and are metabolized by the liver at a slow rate.
Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the cytoplasm.
Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death.
There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

Acute Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Cocaine

Cocaine has powerful reinforcing properties and high abuse potential, often with no alternative reinforcer available in self-administration studies.
Animals trained to press a lever for either saccharin or IV cocaine showed a preference for saccharin, despite cocaine having a higher breaking point.
The addictive potential of intense sweetness may result from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants due to the evolution of sweet receptors in mammals.
Cocaine, a psychomotor stimulant, activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, hypertension, and hyperthermia.
Thalamic hemorrhage and changes in blood vessels are observed after cocaine use, signifying reduced blood flow.
Rats genetically divided into low and high cocaine responder groups showed differences in dopamine signaling and locomotor behavior.
In humans, the intensity of the "high" from cocaine depends on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy, rate of occupancy, baseline DA release, and individual differences.
A genomic analysis revealed that individuals with increased levels of DAT due to a polymorphism in the DAT gene had a greater behavioral response to cocaine challenge.
Chronic cocaine exposure leads to adaptations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) underlying tolerance and sensitization, resulting in reduced dopamine release and clearance.
Transition from recreational to compulsive cocaine use is modeled, showing escalating intake and increased reward response in long-access sessions.
Factors contributing to chronic cocaine abuse include tolerance to euphoric effects, comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, incubation of craving, and abnormal prefrontal cortex function.
PET imaging of cocaine-dependent individuals showed reduced baseline D2 receptor binding, indicating neurochemical changes in the brain due to chronic cocaine use.

Treatment Options for Cocaine Abuse and Amphetamines Background

Methylphenidate has a greater effect in control subjects, while the DA system in dependent individuals is less responsive to DA reuptake blocking, contributing to behavioral tolerance and a "hypodopaminergic" state.
Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death.
There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.
Clinical trials using older GLP-1 analogs have been completed, and new trials using semaglutide are underway to determine its capabilities against addiction and to identify which patients are most likely to benefit.
GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food.
Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA circuit.
Amphetamines, including amphetamine and methamphetamine, are synthetic derivatives of phenylethylamine and natural amphetamines include cathinone, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine.
Alexander Shulgin, also known as Dr. Ecstasy, wrote "Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved" and contributed to the understanding of amphetamines.
Amphetamine and methamphetamine, also known as "uppers," "bennies," "dexies," "black beauties," "diet pills," "meth," "speed," "crank," and "zip," have long half-lives and are metabolized by the liver at a slow rate.
Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the cytoplasm.
Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death.
There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

Treatment Options for Cocaine Abuse and Amphetamines Background

Methylphenidate has a greater effect in control subjects, while the DA system in dependent individuals is less responsive to DA reuptake blocking, contributing to behavioral tolerance and a "hypodopaminergic" state.
Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death.
There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.
Clinical trials using older GLP-1 analogs have been completed, and new trials using semaglutide are underway to determine its capabilities against addiction and to identify which patients are most likely to benefit.
GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food.
Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA circuit.
Amphetamines, including amphetamine and methamphetamine, are synthetic derivatives of phenylethylamine and natural amphetamines include cathinone, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine.
Alexander Shulgin, also known as Dr. Ecstasy, wrote "Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved" and contributed to the understanding of amphetamines.
Amphetamine and methamphetamine, also known as "uppers," "bennies," "dexies," "black beauties," "diet pills," "meth," "speed," "crank," and "zip," have long half-lives and are metabolized by the liver at a slow rate.
Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the cytoplasm.
Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death.
There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

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"Substance Abuse Treatment Options and Effects Quiz: Test your knowledge on the physiological and behavioral impacts of cocaine and amphetamine abuse, as well as the potential treatment options and medications being explored for addressing addiction. Explore the acute effects of cocaine on the body and the current research on GLP-1 agonists, ketamine, and gene therapy as potential treatments. Delve into the chronic effects of cocaine use and its systemic impact on organ systems, as well as the genetic and neurochemical factors contributing to