Psychomotor stimulants

What was the original purpose of Coca-Cola when it was introduced by John Pemberton?

Who recommended cocaine for various ailments and initially declared it as non-addictive?

What plant is cocaine derived from?

What was the content of Coca-Cola until 1903?

Which song mentions the use of cocaine in its lyrics?

Who introduced Coca-Cola?

What did Sigmund Freud recommend cocaine for?

What was the initial perception of cocaine's addictiveness?

Which neurotransmitter system is less responsive to dopamine reuptake blocking in dependent individuals?

What can high-dose cocaine use lead to?

Which drug has shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food in some studies related to cocaine abuse treatment?

Which neurons produce GLP-1?

What are some natural amphetamines?

Which individual contributed to the understanding of amphetamines?

What are amphetamine and methamphetamine also known as?

How are amphetamine and methamphetamine metabolized by the liver?

How do amphetamine and methamphetamine enter dopamine nerve terminals?

What type of drugs are amphetamine and methamphetamine in relation to the catecholaminergic systems?

What is the role of GLP-1 in relation to the mesolimbic dopamine circuit?

What is the effect of chronic cocaine use on organ systems?

What is a therapeutic use of amphetamines?

What effect can low doses of psychostimulants like methylphenidate have on children with ADHD?

Which neurotransmitters do amphetamine analogues affect in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD?

What was the prevalence of diagnosed ADHD in US children and adolescents in 2015-2016?

What brain areas does methamphetamine use cause damage to?

What condition is characterized by broken, discolored, and rotting teeth associated with heavy methamphetamine use?

What are synthetic cathinones, also known as 'Bath Salts' or 'Zombie drugs,' chemically similar to?

What is the primary mechanism by which methamphetamine causes a decrease in secretions from salivary glands?

What is the nature of psychostimulant withdrawal symptoms?

What does Gawin and Kleber's Phasal Model of Cocaine Withdrawal describe?

What effect do synthetic cathinones, also known as 'Bath Salts' or 'Zombie drugs,' have when used?

What is the half-life range for the rapid elimination of cocaine?

What is the primary reason crack cocaine is considered a less expensive form of cocaine powder?

Which route of administration is NOT suitable for crack cocaine?

What is the primary cause of two-thirds of Philadelphia's unintentional drug overdose fatalities the previous year?

What is the primary effect of smoking crack cocaine on the brain?

What is the primary neurotransmitter whose reuptake is blocked by cocaine?

What is the primary acute effect of cocaine?

What is the primary role of cocaine at high concentrations?

What group of individuals discussed the fentanyl-laced crack cocaine overdoses in West Philadelphia?

What is the age range of the majority of the fentanyl overdose victims in Philadelphia?

What did the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduce the 1:100 rule for crack to cocaine to?

What is the primary cause of the majority of unintentional drug overdose fatalities in Philadelphia?

Which of the following best describes the addictive potential of intense sweetness as mentioned in the text?

What did a genomic analysis reveal about individuals with increased levels of dopamine transporter (DAT) due to a polymorphism in the DAT gene?

What is a physiological effect of chronic cocaine exposure mentioned in the text?

What did animals trained to press a lever for either saccharin or IV cocaine show a preference for, despite cocaine having a higher breaking point?

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the acute effects of cocaine?

What did PET imaging of cocaine-dependent individuals show regarding D2 receptor binding?

What is observed in rats genetically divided into low and high cocaine responder groups?

What is a factor contributing to chronic cocaine abuse as mentioned in the text?

What did the transition from recreational to compulsive cocaine use model show?

What did chronic cocaine exposure lead to in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc)?

What did cocaine-dependent individuals show in terms of D2 receptor binding?

Animals trained to press a lever for either saccharin or IV cocaine showed a preference for ______, despite cocaine having a higher breaking point

Cocaine, a psychomotor stimulant, activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, hypertension, and ______

Rats genetically divided into low and high cocaine responder groups showed differences in dopamine signaling and ______ behavior

In humans, the intensity of the 'high' from cocaine depends on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy, rate of occupancy, baseline DA release, and individual ______

A genomic analysis revealed that individuals with increased levels of DAT due to a polymorphism in the DAT gene had a greater behavioral response to ______ challenge

Chronic cocaine exposure leads to adaptations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) underlying tolerance and sensitization, resulting in reduced dopamine release and ______

Transition from recreational to compulsive cocaine use is modeled, showing escalating intake and increased reward response in ______ sessions

Factors contributing to chronic cocaine abuse include tolerance to euphoric effects, comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, incubation of craving, and abnormal prefrontal cortex ______

PET imaging of cocaine-dependent individuals showed reduced baseline D2 receptor binding, indicating neurochemical changes in the brain due to chronic cocaine ______

The addictive potential of intense sweetness may result from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants due to the evolution of sweet receptors in ______

Thalamic hemorrhage and changes in blood vessels are observed after cocaine use, signifying reduced blood ______

Cocaine has powerful reinforcing properties and high abuse potential, often with no alternative reinforcer available in ______ studies

Crack cocaine can be taken orally, intranasally, or ______, but it cannot be smoked as it breaks down when heated

The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduced the 1:100 rule for crack to cocaine to ______

Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, caused two-thirds of Philadelphia's 1,217 unintentional drug overdose fatalities the previous year. Over the last two weeks, at least 20 people in Philadelphia's Powelton Village and Mantua neighborhoods suffered fentanyl overdoses, with two ______

The victims were mostly African American, two-thirds male, and mostly between 40 to 50 years old. Smoking crack cocaine results in a large surge of cocaine in the brain, contributing to its strong ______ properties

Cocaine is lipophilic, passes through the blood-brain barrier, and is rapidly eliminated with a half-life ranging from 0.5 to ______ hours

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and ______, leading to its stimulating, reinforcing, and addictive properties

At high concentrations, cocaine also acts as a local anesthetic by inhibiting voltage-gated ______ channels

The acute effects of cocaine include extreme happiness, energy, mental alertness, hypersensitivity to stimuli, irritability, and paranoia; large amounts can lead to bizarre and ______ behavior

Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, caused two-thirds of Philadelphia's 1,217 unintentional drug overdose fatalities the previous year. Over the last two weeks, at least 20 people in Philadelphia's Powelton Village and Mantua neighborhoods suffered fentanyl overdoses, with two ______

Cocaine is lipophilic, passes through the blood-brain barrier, and is rapidly eliminated with a half-life ranging from 0.5 to ______ hours

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and ______, leading to its stimulating, reinforcing, and addictive properties

At high concentrations, cocaine also acts as a local anesthetic by inhibiting voltage-gated ______ channels

Low doses of psychostimulants like ______ can produce a calming effect in over half of children with ADHD

Amphetamine analogues such as ______ affect dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD

The prevalence of diagnosed ADHD in US children and adolescents increased from 6.1% in 1997-1998 to ______ in 2015-2016

Methamphetamine use causes damage to dopamine axons and terminals, as well as ______ fibers in several brain areas

Chronic methamphetamine and methcathinone use leads to a reduction in striatal dopamine transporter binding, similar to the damage seen in ______ patients

Heavy methamphetamine use is associated with cardiovascular problems, premature aging, and a condition known as '______' characterized by broken, discolored, and rotting teeth

Synthetic cathinones, also known as 'Bath Salts' or 'Zombie drugs,' are chemically similar to amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA, and can cause ______ when used

Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic drug that causes an increase in synaptic dopamine levels in peripheral nerve terminals, leading to a decrease in secretions from ______ and contributing to poor oral hygiene

Gawin and Kleber's Phasal Model of Cocaine Withdrawal describes the phases of cocaine withdrawal, including the initial 'crash' phase and subsequent 'withdrawal' phase

Withdrawal from psychostimulants has a ______ rather than physiological component and may lead to a rebound to enhance peripheral activity

Amphetamines have various therapeutic uses including nasal and bronchial decongestants, ______ treatment, and appetite suppression

Amphetamine analogues such as Dexedrine, Adderall, Vyanse, and Ritalin affect ______ activity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD

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Chronic cocaine use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death. There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food. Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the ______.

Amphetamines, including amphetamine and methamphetamine, are synthetic derivatives of phenylethylamine and natural amphetamines include ______, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine.

Alexander Shulgin, also known as Dr. Ecstasy, wrote 'Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved' and contributed to the understanding of ______.

Amphetamine and methamphetamine, also known as 'uppers,' 'bennies,' 'dexies,' 'black beauties,' 'diet pills,' 'meth,' 'speed,' 'crank,' and 'zip,' have long half-lives and are metabolized by the liver at a slow rate. Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______.

There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

Clinical trials using older GLP-1 analogs have been completed, and new trials using ______ are underway to determine its capabilities against addiction and to identify which patients are most likely to benefit.

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______.

There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

Methylphenidate has a greater effect in control subjects, while the DA system in dependent individuals is less responsive to DA reuptake blocking, contributing to behavioral tolerance and a 'hypodopaminergic' state. Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death. There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food. Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the ______, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA circuit.

Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose death. There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ______, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable food.

STC PHILLY EVENTS Tuesday (Today) we are volunteering with Savage Sisters for outreach from ______ to 6:30pm

Please email us at [email protected] if anyone is interested in ______.

Cocaine is an alkaloid found in the leaves of the Erythroxylon coca plant. Sigmund Freud recommended it for many ailments and initially declared it was non-addictive, and it was used as a local ______ anaesthetic.

In 1886, Coca-Cola was introduced by John Pemberton and contained caffeine and ______ (until 1903).

Basic Pharmacology of Cocaine: Cocaine alkaloid extracted from coca leaves. Cocaine ______.

STC PHILLY EVENTS Tuesday (Today) we are ______ with Savage Sisters for outreach from 5:30 to 6:30pm.

12 Psychomotor Stimulants: ______ and the Amphetamines

Cocaine: Background and History “If you got that lose, you want to kick them blues, ______ When your day is done, and you want to ride on cocaine She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, Cocaine” Eric Clapton, Cocaine

Cocaine: Background and History Sigmund Freud recommended it for many ailments declared it was non-addictive tamed was thou (PO) about ant erect local ______ anaesthetic

STC PHILLY EVENTS Tuesday (Today) we are volunteering with Savage Sisters for outreach from 5:30 to 6:30pm. If anyone is interested in, please email us at [email protected]. 12 Psychomotor Stimulants: ______ and the Amphetamines Psychomotor Stimulants: ______ and the Amphetamines ______ Amphetamines Background Background Pharmacology Pharmacology Mechanisms of Action Mechanisms of Action Acute Effects Behavioral and Neural Effects Chronic Effects Treatment Options for ______ Abuse Stimulant Withdrawal Psychomotor Stimulants: ______ and the Amphetamines Past Year Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant Misuse: Among People Aged 12 or Older; 2020 https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2020-nsduh-annual-national-report ______: Background and History . ______: Background and History “If you got that lose, you want to kick them blues, cocaine When your day is done, and you want to ride on cocaine She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, ______” Eric Clapton, ______ ______: Background and History Erythroxylon coca plant ______ is an alkaloid found in the leaves ______: Background and History Sigmund Freud § recommended it for many ailments § declared it was non-addictive tamed was thou (PO) about ant erect local benericial anaesthetic In 1886, Coca-Cola: introduced by John Pemberton § contained caffeine and cocaine (until 1903) § marketed as an alternative to alcohol during the temperance movement § ~2 million “current users”; ~900,000 cocaine-dependent Basic Pharmacology and Mechanisms of Action Basic Pharmacology of ______ ______ alkaloid § extracted from coca leaves (0.

Cocaine: Background and History “If you got that lose, you want to kick them blues, ______ When your day is done, and you want to ride on cocaine She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, Cocaine” Eric Clapton, Cocaine

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______.

Chronic cocaine exposure leads to adaptations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) underlying tolerance and sensitization, resulting in reduced dopamine release and ______

Cocaine has powerful reinforcing properties and high abuse potential, often with no alternative reinforcer available in ______ studies

What is the primary neurotransmitter whose reuptake is blocked by cocaine?

What did the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduce the 1:100 rule for crack to cocaine to?

What type of drugs are amphetamine and methamphetamine in relation to the catecholaminergic systems?

Animals trained to press a lever for either saccharin or IV cocaine showed a preference for ______, despite cocaine having a higher breaking point

Cocaine, a psychomotor stimulant, activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, hypertension, and ______

Rats genetically divided into low and high cocaine responder groups showed differences in ______ signaling and locomotor behavior

Chronic cocaine exposure leads to adaptations in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) underlying tolerance and sensitization, resulting in reduced dopamine release and ______

In humans, the intensity of the 'high' from cocaine depends on dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy, rate of occupancy, baseline DA release, and individual ______

A genomic analysis revealed that individuals with increased levels of DAT due to a polymorphism in the DAT gene had a greater behavioral response to ______ challenge

The addictive potential of intense sweetness may result from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants due to the evolution of sweet receptors in ______

Cocaine has powerful reinforcing properties and high abuse potential, often with no alternative reinforcer available in self-administration ______

Thalamic hemorrhage and changes in blood vessels are observed after cocaine use, signifying reduced blood ______

Transition from recreational to compulsive cocaine use is modeled, showing escalating intake and increased reward response in long-access ______

Factors contributing to chronic cocaine abuse include tolerance to euphoric effects, comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, incubation of craving, and abnormal prefrontal cortex ______

PET imaging of cocaine-dependent individuals showed reduced baseline D2 receptor binding, indicating neurochemical changes in the brain due to chronic cocaine ______

Crack cocaine can be taken orally, intranasally, or intravenously, but it cannot be ______ as it breaks down when heated

Crack cocaine is a less expensive form of cocaine powder and produces profound ______

The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduced the 1:100 rule for crack to cocaine to ______

In West Philadelphia, a group of ______ Black men discussed the fentanyl-laced crack cocaine overdoses

Fentanyl, a ______ opioid, caused two-thirds of Philadelphia's 1,217 unintentional drug overdose fatalities the previous year

Over the last two weeks, at least ______ people in Philadelphia's Powelton Village and Mantua neighborhoods suffered fentanyl overdoses, with two fatalities

The victims were mostly African American, two-thirds male, and mostly between ______ years old

Smoking crack cocaine results in a large surge of cocaine in the brain, contributing to its strong ______ properties

Cocaine is lipophilic, passes through the blood-brain barrier, and is rapidly eliminated with a half-life ranging from ______ hours

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and ______, leading to its stimulating, reinforcing, and addictive properties

At high concentrations, cocaine also acts as a local anesthetic by inhibiting voltage-gated ______ channels

The acute effects of cocaine include extreme happiness, energy, mental alertness, hypersensitivity to stimuli, irritability, and paranoia; large amounts can lead to bizarre and ______ behavior

Amphetamines affect ______ activity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD

Low doses of psychostimulants like methylphenidate can produce a ______ in over half of children with ADHD

Methamphetamine use causes damage to dopamine axons and terminals, as well as ______ fibers in several brain areas

Synthetic cathinones, also known as 'Bath Salts' or 'Zombie drugs,' are chemically similar to amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA, and can cause ______ when used

Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic drug that causes an increase in synaptic dopamine levels in peripheral nerve terminals, leading to a ______ and contributing to poor oral hygiene

Psychostimulant withdrawal often has ______, and cocaine withdrawal occurs rapidly due to its relatively short half-life

Gawin and Kleber's Phasal Model of Cocaine Withdrawal describes the phases of cocaine withdrawal, including the initial 'crash' phase and subsequent 'withdrawal' phase

The prevalence of diagnosed ADHD in US children and adolescents increased from 6.1% in 1997-1998 to ______ in 2015-2016

Chronic methamphetamine and methcathinone use leads to a ______, similar to the damage seen in Parkinson's disease patients

Amphetamine analogues such as Dexedrine, Adderall, Vyanse, and Ritalin affect ______ activity in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesized to be deficient in patients with ADHD

Withdrawal from psychostimulants has a ______ and may lead to a rebound to enhance peripheral activity

Heavy methamphetamine use is associated with ______

Amphetamines, including amphetamine and methamphetamine, are synthetic derivatives of phenylethylamine and natural amphetamines include cathinone, ephedrine, and ______

Alexander Shulgin, also known as Dr. Ecstasy, wrote 'Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved' and contributed to the understanding of ______

Amphetamine and methamphetamine, also known as 'uppers,' 'bennies,' 'dexies,' 'black beauties,' 'diet pills,' 'meth,' 'speed,' 'crank,' and ______

GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food. Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA ______

Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose ______

There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable ______

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______

Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose ______

GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS and sends direct projections to the VTA and nucleus accumbens, regulating the intake of highly palatable food. Previous work has shown that GLP-1 agonist drugs reduce the intake of palatable food, and GLP-1 is produced by neurons in the NTS, which sends projections to structures in the mesolimbic DA ______

Chronic cocaine use has systemic effects on organ systems, and high-dose use can lead to panic attacks, temporary paranoid psychosis, and elevated body temperature, which can cause multiple organ failure and overdose ______

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are indirect agonists of the catecholaminergic systems and can enter DA nerve terminals via uptake by DAT and cause vesicles to release DA into the ______

There are no FDA-approved medications for treating cocaine abuse, but some studies show a significant decrease in cocaine use with ketamine, a diabetes drug, and gene therapy, and GLP-1 agonists have shown potential in reducing the intake of palatable ______