Substance Abuse and Dependence Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a possible medical consequence of drug abuse that may require hospitalization?

Liver disturbance

Dehydration

Delirium tremens

All of the above (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a potential social consequence of drug abuse?

High incidence of psychiatric disorders

Social Isolation

Nuisance to the society

Increased Productivity (correct)

Which of the following is a key principle of care for substance abuse?

Focus on the negative aspects of substance abuse

Establish a judgmental relationship with the patient

Promote self-care, good nutrition, and relapse prevention (correct)

All of the above

What is the most appropriate nursing intervention to address potential relapse in a patient with substance abuse?

Providing education and support for relapse prevention strategies (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical factor to assess when evaluating a patient with substance abuse?

Family status, including history of substance abuse (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of drug abuse management?

Addressing overdoses and medical consequences of drug use (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with drug abuse?

Excessive appetite (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common reason for an addict to undergo hospitalization?

To undergo detoxification (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a psychological factor that can predispose individuals to substance abuse?

High-risk job (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for substance abuse as mentioned in the content?

Religiousness (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the most common substance abused?

Alcohol (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a CNS Depressant?

Barbiturate (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral pattern listed as a possible predisposing factor for substance abuse?

Success (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true according to the content?

Individuals who grow up in a culture where substances are accepted are more likely to become addicts. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Monozygotic and Dizygotic twins in relation to alcoholism?

Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance rate for alcoholism. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main basis of the psychological theory of substance abuse as described in the text?

Certain personality traits may make individuals more vulnerable to substance abuse. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes substance abuse according to the given definition?

A recurrent pattern of use leading to significant impairment or distress. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is drug dependence characterized by?

Withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of the drug. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes drug tolerance?

A reduced response to the drug after continued use. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of withdrawal from a substance?

Irritability and anxiety. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term is synonymous with drug addiction as per WHO's terminology usage?

Drug dependence. (B) Signup and view all the answers

The compulsive use of a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms is indicative of which condition?

Physical dependence. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of substance abuse?

Use of substances according to medical guidelines. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why might an individual experiencing substance dependence increase their dosage?

To achieve the same effect initially produced by a lower dose. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Substance Abuse

Substance abuse is a maladaptive pattern of substance use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress in occupational, social, and other areas of functioning within a 12-month period.
It involves recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations (at work, home, or school), causing legal problems (arrest for substance-related conduct disorder), and disharmony at home (between husband and wife) with or without physical hazards.
WHO defines substance abuse as persistent or sporadic excessive drug use inconsistent with or unrelated to acceptable medical practice.
Any drug can be abused.
Drugs are chemicals that influence or modify the body's chemistry.

Drug Dependence (Drug Addiction/Drug Habituation)

Drug dependence/Drug addiction and drug habituation are similar.
WHO replaced drug addiction with drug dependence.
Drug dependence is reliance on drugs, psychologically or physically, to the extent of experiencing withdrawal symptoms if the drug is not taken.

Addiction

Addiction is a compulsive, chronic physiological or psychological need for a habit-forming substance, behavior, or activity.
It results in harmful physical, psychological, or social effects.
Symptoms typical of withdrawal or abstinence include anxiety, irritability, tremors, or nausea.

Drug Tolerance

Drug tolerance is a situation where an abuser needs to increase the dosage of a substance to get the initial pleasurable effect.
Alternatively, tolerance is the need for increasingly larger or more frequent doses in order to obtain the desired effects originally produced by a lower dose.

Physical Dependence

Physical dependence refers to the continuing, uncontrolled, and compulsive use of drugs not only to induce intoxication but also to avoid withdrawal tortures or to avoid side effects from sudden withdrawal.
Withdrawal can be accompanied by symptoms like pain, dyspnoea, sweating, tremor, lacrimation, and diarrhea.

Psychological Dependence

Psychological dependence occurs when an individual regularly takes a drug and craves it because of its pleasant effects.
The individual becomes accustomed to the drug and is likely to relapse after stopping use.

DSM-IV Criteria for Substance Dependence

At least three of the following must be present for a diagnosis:
- Tendency for tolerance development and dose increase.
- Unpleasant withdrawal effects when the drug is stopped.
- Overpowering desire or need to continue taking the drug and obtain it by any means.
- Important social, occupational or recreational activities are given up or reduced.
- Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use.

Substance Intoxication

Substance intoxication is the development of a reversible effect, specific syndrome caused by recent substance ingestion or exposure.

Withdrawal Syndromes

Withdrawal syndrome refers to the unpalatable physiological and mental re-adjustment that accompanies cessation of an addictive substance.

Classes of Drug Dependent

Therapeutic Dependent: People prescribed analgesics for physical disabilities or ailments and become dependent on the drug.
Occupational Dependent: Professional dependents (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, dental and surgical personnel)
True Dependent: Well-educated men and women, and business executives who are induced to take drugs by friends, usually to widen their range of awareness and experiences.

Etiology of Substance Abuse

Biological Factors (Genetics): An apparent hereditary factor is evident in alcoholism. Children of alcoholics are more likely to become alcoholics. Monozygotic twins have a higher rate of concordance for alcoholism compared to dizygotic twins.
Social Theory: Peer influence predisposes people to substance use.
Cultural Factor: Individuals raised in cultures where substances are acceptable and easily accessible are more likely to become abusers.
Psychological Theories: Traits like excessive dependency needs, needs for success/power, inability to care for self, gender identity problems, etc. make individuals more susceptible.
Behavioral Theories: Childhood and adolescent behaviors like deviance, misbehavior, aggression, low self-esteem increase the likelihood of substance abuse.

Risk Factors for Substance Abuse

Peer pressure, desire to experiment, sibling exposure, employment outside home, unemployment, loss of job, parental deprivation, and failure.
Success, disappointment, high-risk jobs, advertisements, poor parenting, rapid urbanization, drug availability, and drug accessibility.

Substances Commonly Abused

CNS Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates, Diazepam, Marijuana (Cannabis, Indian Hemp).
CNS Stimulants: Amphetamines (Ephedrine), Cocaine, Caffeine, Colanuts, Tobacco.
Opioids: Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, Pethidine, Meperidine, Opium, Pentazocine, Tramadol.
Hallucinogens: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Mescaline (peyote), Psilocybin (mushroom), Phencyclidine, PCP (angel dust), Marijuana (Cannabis).
Analgesics: Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Indomethacin.
Antibiotics: Ampiclox, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Metronidazole.
Others: Cough syrups, spirit, pawpaw leaves, "Gegemu", Colorado, Shisha, nail polish remover, lizard feaces, pit toilet gas/fumes.

Withdrawal Syndrome

Withdrawal syndrome refers to unpleasant withdrawal effects that can occur if drug or substance use is abruptly stopped.
Symptoms may include shivering, stomach cramps, tremors, convulsions, diarrhea, and delirium.

Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms

Excitement, restlessness, altered diaphoresis (sweating), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of weight, convulsions, headache.
Altered mental state, apprehensiveness, twitching, tremors, anxiety, insomnia, abdominal cramp collapse.

Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

Tremor, tachycardia, diaphoresis, depressed mood, elevated blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, headache, irritability, insomnia, and seizures.

Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms

Restlessness, agitation, insomnia, irritability, and loss of appetite.

Cocaine Withdrawal Symptoms

Paranoid delusions, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, social withdrawal, suicidal ideation, fatigue, irritability, insomnia, and depression.

Drug Misuse

Drug misuse involves using a drug for a purpose other than the intended one or using it in excessive quantities.
Alternatively, misuse is illegal or illicit drug or alcohol consumption resulting in social, psychological, or legal problems.

Management of Substance Abuse

Treatment focuses on managing overdoses and incidental medical consequences (e.g., malnutrition, medical problems caused by unsterile needles).
Hospitalization for detoxification is common, especially for alcoholics.
Medical Management: Psychotherapy (individual or group), aversion therapy (using disulfiram), occupational therapy, and social support groups.
Nursing Care: Promotion of self-care, good nutrition, prevention of relapse.
Nursing Care Assessment: Age, gender, developmental stage, medication history, family/living status, social status, psychological status, knowledge of substance risks.

Prevention Strategies

Primary Prevention: Preventing people from using drugs through public enlightenment (schools, churches, mosques).
Secondary Prevention: Reducing existing risk behaviors/symptoms through early intervention and treatment.
Tertiary Prevention: Reducing effects of established disabilities after drug use.

Social/Economic, Psychological Problems of Drug Abuse/Dependence

Marital problems, broken homes, neglect of family members (wife, children).
Illegal dealings leading to conflict with law enforcement.
Negligence of duty (lateness to school, absenteeism).
Financial bankruptcy, job loss, reduced mental/intellectual functioning, personality/emotional disorders, neglecting personal hygiene.

Physical Problems with Substance Abuse

Neglect of personal hygiene, resistance to antibiotics, vitamin deficiency, loss of weight, dermatitis, multiple abscesses, and transmission of diseases like AIDS and hepatitis.
Other issues: Liver disturbances, Septicemia, Endocarditis, delirium tremens, dehydration, reduction in consciousness, psychiatric illness, suicide, loss of job, loss of friends, and divorce.
Effects on Individuals, Family, and Society:
- Individual: Dropping out of school, job loss, unemployment, accidents, antisocial behavior, personal hygiene neglect, withdrawal symptoms, and altered CNS functioning.
- Family: Family neglect, frequent quarrels/marital disharmony, separation, divorce, social embarrassment, and stigmatization.
- Society: Social isolation, social nuisance, reduced productivity, increased crime rate, and high incidence of psychiatric disorders.

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Description

Test your knowledge on substance abuse and drug dependence with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the definitions, signs, and implications of substance use disorders as outlined by WHO. Understand the difference between substance abuse and drug addiction while assessing your understanding of these critical topics.