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Questions and Answers
What is the most likely diagnosis for the 28-year-old male presenting with headaches, fever, left leg weakness, confusion, and a ring-enhancing lesion in the frontal lobe?
What is the most likely diagnosis for the 28-year-old male presenting with headaches, fever, left leg weakness, confusion, and a ring-enhancing lesion in the frontal lobe?
In treating a 65-year-old male with bilateral leg pains who has poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, which agent should be avoided?
In treating a 65-year-old male with bilateral leg pains who has poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, which agent should be avoided?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with a cerebral abscess?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with a cerebral abscess?
Which of the following clinical features is indicative of a diagnosis in a patient with a ring-enhancing lesion in the brain?
Which of the following clinical features is indicative of a diagnosis in a patient with a ring-enhancing lesion in the brain?
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What heart rate and blood pressure reading were observed five minutes before the lumbar puncture?
What heart rate and blood pressure reading were observed five minutes before the lumbar puncture?
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Considering the patient with leg pain, which medication is known to potentially exacerbate diabetic neuropathy symptoms?
Considering the patient with leg pain, which medication is known to potentially exacerbate diabetic neuropathy symptoms?
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Which anticonvulsant medication is most often associated with weight gain?
Which anticonvulsant medication is most often associated with weight gain?
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What diagnostic imaging finding would most likely be expected in a patient with suspected cerebral abscess?
What diagnostic imaging finding would most likely be expected in a patient with suspected cerebral abscess?
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What is the primary symptom reported by the 28-year-old male patient experiencing headaches?
What is the primary symptom reported by the 28-year-old male patient experiencing headaches?
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What might be a possible complication of poorly controlled diabetes in older adults presenting with neuropathic pain?
What might be a possible complication of poorly controlled diabetes in older adults presenting with neuropathic pain?
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What time of day does the 28-year-old male patient typically experience his headaches?
What time of day does the 28-year-old male patient typically experience his headaches?
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Which of the following is a common initial symptom in both meningitis and cerebral abscess?
Which of the following is a common initial symptom in both meningitis and cerebral abscess?
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Which of the following symptoms was NOT reported by the patient with right-sided headaches?
Which of the following symptoms was NOT reported by the patient with right-sided headaches?
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Among the following, which option is the most likely diagnosis for the patient with right-sided headaches and excessive tearing?
Among the following, which option is the most likely diagnosis for the patient with right-sided headaches and excessive tearing?
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What was the weight gain reported by the 23-year-old male patient after starting his medication?
What was the weight gain reported by the 23-year-old male patient after starting his medication?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cluster headaches?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cluster headaches?
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What sign is being elicited when a flick on the nail of the middle finger results in spontaneous flexion of the thumb and index finger?
What sign is being elicited when a flick on the nail of the middle finger results in spontaneous flexion of the thumb and index finger?
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Which diagnosis is most likely for a 70-year-old male exhibiting slowed movements, a tremor that disappears with movement, and a fixed facial expression?
Which diagnosis is most likely for a 70-year-old male exhibiting slowed movements, a tremor that disappears with movement, and a fixed facial expression?
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Which of the following findings is characteristic of an upper motor neuron lesion?
Which of the following findings is characteristic of an upper motor neuron lesion?
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In the case of the 70-year-old male, which symptom differentiates idiopathic Parkinson's disease from other neurological disorders?
In the case of the 70-year-old male, which symptom differentiates idiopathic Parkinson's disease from other neurological disorders?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for Annie given her symptoms of left eye pain and previous numbness in her right leg?
What is the most likely diagnosis for Annie given her symptoms of left eye pain and previous numbness in her right leg?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign typically associated with upper motor neuron lesions?
Which of the following is NOT a sign typically associated with upper motor neuron lesions?
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Which medication has been shown to improve survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
Which medication has been shown to improve survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
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What is the primary reason for the loss of sense of smell in a patient with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease?
What is the primary reason for the loss of sense of smell in a patient with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with multiple sclerosis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with multiple sclerosis?
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Annie's past medical history includes hypothyroidism. What medication is she likely taking for this condition?
Annie's past medical history includes hypothyroidism. What medication is she likely taking for this condition?
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Which of the following is a common characteristic of motor neurone disease?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of motor neurone disease?
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How does Parkinson's disease typically affect handwriting, as observed in the case of the 70-year-old male?
How does Parkinson's disease typically affect handwriting, as observed in the case of the 70-year-old male?
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What condition has Gerry been diagnosed with?
What condition has Gerry been diagnosed with?
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What is the likely cause of Annie's blurred vision that has now settled down?
What is the likely cause of Annie's blurred vision that has now settled down?
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Which of the following is a common psychological condition Annie is experiencing?
Which of the following is a common psychological condition Annie is experiencing?
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Which of these conditions is characterized by gradual neurological degeneration without acute symptom resolution?
Which of these conditions is characterized by gradual neurological degeneration without acute symptom resolution?
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Which condition is characterized by sustained muscle contractions and abnormal postures?
Which condition is characterized by sustained muscle contractions and abnormal postures?
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What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with dermatomal bumpy lesions and freckles over the axilla?
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with dermatomal bumpy lesions and freckles over the axilla?
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In which area of the brain is the vomiting center primarily located?
In which area of the brain is the vomiting center primarily located?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with a recent head injury who has a GCS of 9?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with a recent head injury who has a GCS of 9?
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Which condition is associated with purposeless involuntary movements, often as a side effect of long-term medication?
Which condition is associated with purposeless involuntary movements, often as a side effect of long-term medication?
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What condition is characterized by rapid, irregular movements of one side of the body, often caused by damage to the basal ganglia?
What condition is characterized by rapid, irregular movements of one side of the body, often caused by damage to the basal ganglia?
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Which of the following describes a movement disorder involving sudden, brief, shock-like muscle jerks?
Which of the following describes a movement disorder involving sudden, brief, shock-like muscle jerks?
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Which option is NOT associated with the clinical features of Neurofibromatosis type 1?
Which option is NOT associated with the clinical features of Neurofibromatosis type 1?
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Study Notes
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage is a type of stroke caused by bleeding into the space between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain, known as the arachnoid membrane
- The most common cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage is a ruptured aneurysm.
- The symptoms usually appear suddenly and can be serious.
- Diagnosis is made through the use of a CT scan or a lumbar puncture.
- Treatment involves controlling the bleeding and preventing further bleeding.
- Medication which blocks calcium channels called nifedipine or nimodipine can be used to try to prevent further bleeding.
- Some people may need surgery to repair the aneurysm.
- If the aneurysm is small and does not pose a high risk of rupture, it may be monitored with regular imaging scans.
Symptoms
- Severe headache
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Stiff neck
- Loss of consciousness
- Seizures
- Difficulty speaking
- Vision problems
Causes
- Bleeding aneurysm
- Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
- Trauma
- Blood vessel abnormalities
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Smoking
Prognosis
- The prognosis depends on the severity of the hemorrhage and the underlying cause.
- Treatment and rehabilitation can help people recover from subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Encephalitis
- Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by a variety of factors.
- The most common symptoms of encephalitis include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and seizures.
- In some cases, encephalitis can lead to permanent brain damage.
Cerebral Abscess
- A Cerebral abscess is a collection of pus in the brain.
- The most common symptoms of a cerebral abscess include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and focal neurological deficits.
- Treatment for a cerebral abscess typically involves a combination of antibiotics, draining the abscess, and surgery.
Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
- Degenerative cervical myelopathy is a condition that occurs when the spinal cord is compressed.
- Most commonly the spinal cord is compressed in the neck region.
- Symptoms can include neck pain, numbness, weakness, and difficulty walking.
- Treatment for degenerative cervical myelopathy may include medication, physical therapy, and surgery.
Hoffman's Sign
- Hoffman's sign is a neurological test for the presence of an upper motor neuron lesion.
- The sign is elicited by flicking the fingernail of a patient's middle finger.
- A positive Hoffman's sign is indicated by flexion of the patient's thumb and index finger.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
- ALS is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy
- There is unfortunately no cure for ALS.
Huntington's Disease
- Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the brain.
- Symptoms of Huntington's disease include uncontrolled movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric problems.
- Huntington's can affect people of any race, ethnicity or background
Tuberous Sclerosis
- Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disorder that causes noncancerous tumors to grow in the brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin.
- Symptoms of tuberous sclerosis vary depending on which organs are affected and range from seizures to learning difficulties.
- Tuberous sclerosis is a lifelong disorder with no cure
Vomiting Centre
- The vomiting center is located in the medulla oblongata, which is part of the brainstem.
- The vomiting centre receives signals from the brain and body about the presence of toxins and other substances that can cause nausea and vomiting.
- The vomiting centre controls the muscles that are involved in vomiting.
Acute Subdural Haematoma
- An acute subdural haematoma is a collection of blood that forms between the dura mater (the outer layer of the meninges) and the arachnoid mater (the middle layer of the meninges).
- Subdural hematomas are caused by bleeding from veins that cross the subdural space, typically due to a head injury.
Acute Extradural Haematoma
- An acute extradural haematoma is a collection of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater.
- The most common cause of extradural hematomas is a head injury, usually after a blow to the head.
Amaurosis Fugax
- Amaurosis fugax is a temporary loss of vision in one eye.
- The cause of amaurosis fugax is typically a blockage of an artery that supplies blood to the eye.
Primary Angle Glaucoma
- Primary angle glaucoma is a condition that damages the optic nerve, causing a loss of vision.
- Glaucoma occurs when fluid pressure inside the eye builds up.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
- The immune system attacks the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers.
- MS can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fatigue, vision problems, numbness, weakness, and cognitive difficulties.
Conversion Disorder
- Conversion disorder is a mental health condition in which a person experiences physical symptoms that have no known medical cause.
- Conversion disorders can affect any part of the body, and the symptoms may be very real and painful.
Space-Occupying Lesion (SOL)
- A space-occupying lesion (SOL) is a mass or growth in the brain that takes up space and exerts pressure on surrounding brain tissue.
- SOLs can cause a variety of symptoms, including headaches, seizures, vision problems, weakness, and confusion.
Sodium Valproate
- Sodium valproate is an anticonvulsant medication that is effective for treating a variety of seizure types.
- Side effects include weight gain, hair loss, and tremor.
Cluster Headache
- Cluster headaches are a type of headache that occurs in clusters, meaning that several headaches occur over a period of several weeks or months, followed by a period of remission.
- Cluster headaches are often described as being excruciatingly painful, and they can be accompanied by a number of other symptoms, including facial sweating, nasal congestion, and redness of the eye on the same side as the headache.
Migraine
- Migraines are severe headaches that can last for hours or days.
- Migraines are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
Tension Headache
- Tension headaches are the most common type of headache.
- They are often described as feeling like a tight band around the head.
- Tension headaches are usually mild or moderate in intensity, and they can last for 30 minutes to several hours.
Medication Overuse Headache
- Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a type of headache that develops from the overuse of headache medications.
- It occurs when people take headache medications too often, for too long, or at too high of a dose.
T1-weighted MRI Imaging
- T1-weighted MRI is a technique that uses a short repetition time (TR) and a short echo time (TE).
- T1-weighted images show a high signal intensity for fat and proteins, while the signal intensity for water is low.
T2-weighted MRI Imaging
- T2-weighted MRI is a technique that uses a long repetition time (TR) and a long echo time (TE)
- T2-weighted images show a high signal intensity for water, while the signal intensity for fat is low.
- T2-weighted images are often used to detect abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord, such as tumors, strokes, and inflammation.
Multiple Systems Atrophy
- Multiple systems atrophy (MSA) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that affects different parts of the nervous system, including the brain, the spinal cord, and the autonomic nervous system.
- MSA causes a variety of symptoms, including tremors, muscle stiffness, balance problems, and autonomic dysfunction.
Motor Neuron Disease (MND)
- Motor neuron disease (MND) is a progressive disease that affects the motor neurons, which are nerve cells that control muscle movement.
- MND causes muscle weakness and wasting, which can eventually lead to paralysis.
- The most common form of MND is known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease
- Idiopathic Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain and causes movement problems.
- Parkinson's disease is characterized by a number of symptoms, including tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability.
Corticobasal Degeneration
- Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain.
- CBD causes a variety of symptoms, including muscle stiffness, muscle spasms, difficulty moving, and problems with thinking and memory.
Frontotemporal Dementia
- Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) describes a group of disorders that affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.
- Symptoms of FTD can include changes in behavior, personality, and language.
Upper Motor Neuron Lesion
- An upper motor neuron lesion is a type of neurological injury that affects the nervous system pathways that control voluntary movement.
- The signs and symptoms of an upper motor neuron lesion can vary depending on the location of the lesion in the nervous system, but may include weakness, spasticity, increased reflexes, and a positive Babinski's sign.
Riluzole
- Riluzole is a medication that may help to slow the progression of ALS.
- It works by blocking the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
Dyskinesia
- Dyskinesia is a disorder that affects the muscles and causes involuntary movements.
- There are a number of different types of dyskinesia.
- It is a clinical finding that can be found in various neurological disorders.
Akathisia
- Akathisia is a condition characterized by restlessness, an inability to sit still, and a constant urge to move.
- Akathisia is often a side effect of certain medications, especially antipsychotics.
Tardive Dyskinesia
- Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder that causes involuntary movements of the face, tongue, limbs, and trunk.
- TD is a side effect of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics.
Hemiballismus
- Hemiballismus is a disorder that causes uncontrollable and violent flinging movements of one side of the body.
- Hemiballismus is typically caused by damage to a part of the brain called the subthalamic nucleus.
Myoclonus
- Myoclonus is a disorder that causes sudden, brief, involuntary muscle twitches or jerks.
- Myoclonus can occur in people of all ages and can affect any part of the body.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
- Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that causes tumors to develop in the nervous system.
- The tumors are often benign, but they can cause a variety of symptoms, including skin lesions, learning disabilities, and seizures.
- NF1 is a lifelong disorder with no cure but can be managed effectively with treatment.
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
- Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder that causes tumors to develop in the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
- NF2 is a lifelong disorder with no cure, but it can be managed effectively with treatment.
Adenoma Sebaceum
- Adenoma sebaceum is a skin condition that is characterized by small, red or flesh-colored papules that appear on the face.
- Adenoma sebaceum is often associated with tuberous sclerosis.
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
- Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare disorder that affects the brain and skin.
- It is characterized by a port-wine stain on the face, seizures, and neurological problems.
Area Postrema
- The area postrema is a small, specialized area in the brainstem that is involved in vomiting.
- It is important for the regulation of the vomiting reflex.
- The area postrema is one of the few parts of the brain that is not protected by the blood-brain barrier.
Natalizumab
- Natalizumab is an anti-inflammatory medication used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease.
- It works by blocking the adhesion of a particular type of white blood cells to the brain and other tissues.
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Description
This quiz covers key aspects of subarachnoid haemorrhage, a serious type of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain. Learn about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, and potential treatments. Understand the critical differences between a ruptured aneurysm and other contributing factors.
