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BIO101 Study Guide

• Course Title: BIO101: Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology
• Book Title: BIO101 Study Guide
• Printed By: A guest user
• Date Printed: Wednesday, December 4, 2024, 6:28 PM
• Course Content: The guide covers units related to an introduction to biology, basic chemistry, biological molecules, cells and cell membranes, enzymes, metabolism and cellular respiration, photosynthesis, cellular reproduction: mitosis and meiosis, Mendelian genetics and chromosomes, and gene expression.

Table of Contents

• Navigating this Study Guide
• Unit 1: Introduction to Biology
• Unit 2: Basic Chemistry
• Unit 3: Biological Molecules
• Unit 4: Cells and Cell Membranes
• Unit 5: Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration
• Unit 6: Photosynthesis
• Unit 7: Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis
• Unit 8: Cellular Reproduction: Meiosis
• Unit 9: Mendelian Genetics and Chromosomes
• Unit 10: Gene Expression

Study Guide Structure

• Questions for each learning outcome
• Summary of the learning outcome topic
• Resources related to the learning outcome
• Vocabulary words at the end of each unit

How to Use This Study Guide

• Review learning outcome summaries and suggested resources for the course
• Answer questions, and define/memorize vocabulary words for each unit
• Use the gear button for printing and taking notes

Unit 1: Introduction to Biology

• 1a. Basic Characteristics of Living Things:
  • Response to the environment
  • Growth and developmental changes
  • Reproduction
  • Energy processing
  • Regulation of homeostasis
  • Orderly structure (cellular basis)
  • Evolutionary adaptations
• 1b. Levels of Organization:
  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Organelle
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere

Unit 2: Basic Chemistry

• 2a. Components of an Atom:
  • Protons (+1 charge)
  • Neutrons (no charge)
  • Electrons (-1 charge)
  • Orbital
  • Subshell
  • Electron shell
• 2b. Types of Bonds:
  • Ionic bonds (electron transfer)
  • Covalent bonds (electron sharing)
  • Metallic bonds (sea of electrons)

Unit 3: Biological Molecules

• 3a. Water's Importance:
  • Polarity & hydrogen bonding
  • High specific heat capacity
  • High cohesion
  • Excellent solvent
  • High surface tension
  • High latent heat of vaporization
  • Less dense as a solid
• 3b. Acids, Bases, and Buffers:
  • Acid definition (increases H+ concentration)
  • Base definition (decreases H+ concentration)
  • Buffers (resist changes in pH)
• 3c. pH and Hydrogen Ions:
  • pH definition (measure of H+ concentration)
• 3d. Major Macromolecules (Structure): Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
• 3e. Major Macromolecules (Function): Storing energy, providing structural strength, serving as enzymes, storing genetic information, structural components of cells

Unit 4: Cells and Cell Membranes

• 4a. Plasma Membrane: Structure, function and chemistry explanations of formation
• 4b. Membrane, Solutes, and Solvents: Components of solutions, solvent/solute differences, osmosis and changes in cell volume
• 4c. Cell Classification: Prokaryotic, animal and plant cells, distinguishing characteristics and organelles
• 4d. Organelles: Defining individual organelles and their functions.
• 4e. Organelle Functions: Details on the functions of the individual organelles

Unit 5: Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration

• 5a. Matter vs Energy: Basic definitions and differences
• 5b. Laws of Thermodynamics: First and Second law application to biological processes
• 5c. Role of Enzymes: Definition of enzymes, kinds of macromolecules, substrate interaction and function with substrates, catalysis
• 5d. Cellular Respiration: Definition of oxidation/reduction and cellular respiration, fuel processing, energy storage and ATP
• 5e. Matter Inputs and Outputs: Specific examples for each process (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain)
• 5f. Energy Transformation: Sources and fates of energy in photosynthesis

Unit 6: Photosynthesis

• 6a. Role of Photosynthesis: Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs, nutrient cycling, and overall equation for photosynthesis
• 6b. Matter Origin and Fate: Inputs and outputs of photosynthesis. Understanding of reciprocal relationship with cellular respiration
• 6c. Low-Energy to High-Energy: Describe/illustrate conversion process and energy-carrying intermediates.
• 6d. Light-Dependent Phase: Function, requirements, and products
• 6e. Light-Independent Phase: The function of the Calvin cycle, inputs/outputs and relationship between the two phases
• 6f. Energy Transformation: Explanation of energy transformations during photosynthesis and methods for biomass storage.
• 6g. Plants and Photorespiration: Photorespiration, adaptation in C4 and CAM plants

Unit 7: Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis

• 7a. DNA vs RNA: Chemical and functional differences
• 7b. Reproduction: Different modes of reproduction in organisms (asexual and sexual)
• 7c. Phases of Mitosis: Explanation of each phase, events of each phase and diagram
• 7d. The Cell Cycle: The phases of the cell cycle and major events within each phase
• 7e. Events in Mitosis Phases: Explanation of what occurs in each stage of mitosis
• 7f. Mitosis Purpose: Explanation for cell division, processes and conditions influencing mitosis

Unit 8: Cellular Reproduction: Meiosis

• 8a. Daughter Cells: Gametes vs Somatic cells, diploid vs Haploid, distinctions between the cells.
• 8b. Phases of Meiosis: Diagram/label the phases, understand events in each stage of meiosis.
• 8c. Mitosis vs Meiosis: Similarity and difference comparison
• 8d. Role of Meiosis: Purpose of meiosis and its importance to maintaining ploidy

Unit 9: Mendelian Genetics and Chromosomes

• 9a. Genotype/Phenotype Flow: Explanation of how genotype determines phenotype through proteins
• 9b. Terminology: Explore/define genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, co-dominant traits, and sex linkage
• 9c. Pedigree Analysis: Inferring dominant/recessive traits from pedigrees, and identifying genotypes
• 9d. Genetic Crosses: Monohybrid/dihybrid crosses involving dominant/recessive alleles
• 9e. Dihybrid Crosses: Comparing with monohybrid crosses
• 9f. Mutations: Definition of mutation, explanations for how they alter phenotypes

Unit 10: Gene Expression

• 10a. Molecular Basis of Traits:
  • Explanation of how information in DNA flows to proteins
  • Importance of proteins to traits
• 10b. DNA and Replication:
  • DNA structure, function,
  • Mechanism of DNA self-replication.
  • Enzymes involved in DNA replication
• 10c. Transcription & Translation:
  • Explanation of each phase
  • Specific molecular events that occur during each phase
• 10d. Molecular Biology Advancements:
  • Significance of gene editing and DNA biotechnology.