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STTSS Chemistry Chapter 2 - The Ocean
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STTSS Chemistry Chapter 2 - The Ocean

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Questions and Answers

What is the boiling point of Argon (Ar)?

  • -196 °C
  • 0 °C
  • -183 °C
  • -186 °C (correct)

    • Oxygen gas is flammable.

    False

    What is the first stage in the procedure of fractional distillation of air?

    Purification

    During the liquefaction stage, air is compressed and cooled until it reaches a temperature of _____ °C.

    <p>-200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their boiling points:

    <p>Nitrogen (N₂) = -196 °C Argon (Ar) = -186 °C Oxygen (O₂) = -183 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solution contains a large amount of solute in a given amount of solvent?

    <p>Concentrated solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution is formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of salts does sea water contain by mass?

    <p>3.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a saturated solution, additional solute added will remain __________.

    <p>undissolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of sea water with their respective percentages:

    <p>Common salt (Sodium Chloride, NaCl) = 68% Magnesium Chloride (MgClâ‚‚) = 14.6% Sodium Sulphate (Naâ‚‚SOâ‚„) = 11.4% Calcium Chloride (CaClâ‚‚) = 3.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the crystallization process?

    <p>A solute is separated as a crystal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cooling a solution increases the solubility of the solute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used to check if a solution is saturated during crystallization?

    <p>Dip a glass rod into the heated solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the crystallization process, crystals are formed as the solution is cooled and becomes __________.

    <p>saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Crystallization = Separating a solute from a solution as crystals Slow evaporation = Concentrating and forming crystals through evaporation Filtration = Removing solid impurities from a liquid Decantation = Separating a solid from a liquid by pouring off the liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observation for the presence of chloride ions when using silver nitrate solution?

    <p>White precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dilute nitric acid is added to the sample solution to enhance the test for halide ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur when anhydrous copper(II) sulphate comes into contact with water?

    <p>The color changes from white to blue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical reaction for silver nitrate testing for chloride ions produces __________ (solid).

    <p>silver chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the halide ions with their corresponding observations:

    <p>Chloride (Cl-) = White precipitate Bromide (Br-) = Yellow precipitate Iodide (I-) = Pale yellow precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using filtration?

    <p>To separate insoluble solids from a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common salt can only be obtained through the process of evaporation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a glass rod during the filtration process?

    <p>To guide the flow of liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is collected during the filtration process, containing water and soluble salts.

    <p>filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the separation methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Filtration = Separates insoluble solids from liquids Evaporation = Turns liquid into vapor Distillation = Separates liquids based on boiling points Steam Bath = Gentler method for evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metal is extracted from bauxite?

    <p>Aluminium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium can be extracted from rock salt using electrolysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to extract gold from ores?

    <p>Physical method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In electrolysis, the process is used to extract __________ metals.

    <p>reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ores with their respective extracted metals:

    <p>Rock salt = Sodium Galena = Lead Haematite = Iron Cinnabar = Mercury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of distillation?

    <p>To separate a solvent from a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a distillation setup, the stopper in the flask should create a closed system to prevent pressure buildup.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature does the solvent boil at during distillation?

    <p>approximately 100°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is used to cool and condense vapor during the distillation process.

    <p>condenser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of anti-bumping granules in a distillation process?

    <p>To prevent bumping during boiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of a distillation setup with their functions:

    <p>Pear-shaped flask = Heats the mixture Thermometer = Measures vapor temperature Condenser = Cools and condenses vapor Test tube = Collects the distillate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The end of the delivery tube should be placed above the distillate to prevent _____ of cold distillate after heating is stopped.

    <p>sucking back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to ensure better cooling in the condenser?

    <p>Fill the condenser with cooling water entering from the lower opening and leaving from the upper opening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas is produced at the positive electrode during the electrolysis of sea water?

    <p>Chlorine gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen gas is produced at the negative electrode during the electrolysis of sea water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compounds does electrolysis of sea water break down?

    <p>Water and sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The products of the electrolysis of sea water include hydrogen gas, chlorine gas, and __________.

    <p>sodium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the products of electrolysis of sea water with their uses:

    <p>Hydrogen = Making margarine Sodium Hydroxide = Making soap Chlorine = Sterilizing drinking water Sodium Chloride = Preserving food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about electrolysis of sea water is incorrect?

    <p>It can separate all the constituent elements from sea water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two uses of sodium hydroxide produced from the electrolysis of sea water.

    <p>Making soap and making paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrolysis of sea water results in the generation of electrical energy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when strong heat is applied to calcium hydrogencarbonate?

    <p>Calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium hydroxide is formed when calcium carbonate reacts with a little water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that calcium carbonate is being formed in the lime cycle?

    <p>A milky solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial substance in the lime cycle is _____ hydrogencarbonate.

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the steps of the lime cycle with their descriptions:

    <p>Step 1 = Calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide are produced. Step 2 = Solution turns milky. Step 3 = Calcium hydroxide is formed. Step 4 = Calcium hydroxide solution is obtained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas is evolved when calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium carbonate is soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does carbon dioxide have on limewater?

    <p>Turns it milky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium compounds produce a ________ flame during a flame test.

    <p>brick-red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their results or reactions:

    <p>Calcium carbonate = No observable change when in water Dilute hydrochloric acid = Releases carbon dioxide when reacting with carbonates Limewater = Turns milky when exposed to carbon dioxide Calcium ion = Produces a brick-red flame in flame test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fractional Distillation of Air

    • Separates air components based on their boiling points.
    • Nitrogen (-196°C), Argon (-186°C), and Oxygen (-183°C).
    • Air is purified, liquefied, and then fractionally distilled in a column.

    Test for Oxygen

    • A glowing splint is re-ignited in pure oxygen.
    • Oxygen is colorless, odorless, and supports burning.

    STTSS Chemistry - Chapter 2 - The Ocean

    1. Solution

    • A solution is formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.
    • Solute is the substance dissolved, solvent is the dissolving medium.
    • A dilute solution has a small amount of solute, while a concentrated solution has a large amount.
    • A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute it can hold at a given temperature.

    2. Composition of Sea Water

    • 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by sea water.
    • Sea water is a mixture with water, salts, mud, and sand.
    • It contains about 3.5% by mass of salts, dominated by sodium chloride (NaCl).
    • Other salts include magnesium chloride (MgClâ‚‚), sodium sulfate (Naâ‚‚SOâ‚„), calcium chloride (CaClâ‚‚).

    3. Physical Separation Methods

    • Filtration: Separates insoluble solids from liquids. Separates mud and sand from sea water using filter paper.
    • Evaporation: Quickly changes liquid to vapor below its boiling point. Separates solute from solvent, e.g. common salt from sea water.
      • Can be done by direct heating or using a steam bath.
    • Crystallization: Separates solute from solution by slowly cooling a saturated solution. Produces crystals with fewer impurities compared to evaporation.
    • Decantation: Separates a dense insoluble solid from a liquid by carefully pouring the liquid.

    d. Distillation

    • A method to separate solvent from a solution or liquids with different boiling points.
    • Vaporizes liquid with the lower boiling point, followed by condensation.
    • Requires an open system to prevent pressure buildup.
    • A thermometer measures the vapor temperature.
    • Cooling water flows through the condenser to ensure better cooling.
    • Diagram shows a pear-shaped flask connected to a condenser with a thermometer, illustrating the process.

    STTSS Chemistry - Chapter 3 - Rocks and Minerals

    1. Introduction

    • The Earth's crust is made up of rocks, which are mixtures of minerals.
    • Minerals are naturally occurring elements or compounds with specific compositions.
    • Ores are rocks containing minerals in high concentrations.

    2. Table of Ores and Extracted Metals

    • Rock salt (NaCl) yields sodium.
    • Bauxite (Alâ‚‚O₃) yields aluminum.
    • Haematite (Feâ‚‚O₃) yields iron.
    • Galena (PbS) yields lead.
    • Copper pyrite (CuFeSâ‚‚) yields copper.
    • Cinnabar (HgS) yields mercury.
    • Gold ore (Au) yields gold.

    3. Methods of Metal Extraction

    • Physical Method: Very unreactive metals like gold and platinum.
    • Heating the Ore Alone: Unreactive metals like mercury and silver.
    • Heating the Ore with Carbon: Moderately reactive metals like zinc, iron, and lead.
    • Electrolysis of the Molten Ore: Reactive metals like sodium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum.

    Lime Cycle

    • Diagram: Illustrates a cycle involving calcium hydrogencarbonate, calcium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide.
    • Process: Calcium hydrogencarbonate is heated to produce calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide.
    • Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide, forming calcium carbonate.
    • Calcium carbonate reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide.
    • Summary: Shows the conversion of calcium compounds under different conditions.

    Topic 1 - Planet Earth

    C. Test for Carbonate

    • Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample.
    • Observe if a colorless gas (carbon dioxide) is evolved, turning limewater milky.

    d. Action of Water on Calcium Carbonate

    • Calcium carbonate is insoluble in water.

    e. Test for Calcium Ion

    • Exhibits a brick-red flame in a flame test.

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    Description

    Explore the chemistry of the ocean in this quiz from STTSS Chemistry Chapter 2. Learn about solutions, the composition of sea water, and the process of fractional distillation of air. Test your knowledge on the characteristics of oxygen and the formation of solutions.

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