Structured Wiring System Components Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a disadvantage of a packet-switched network?

  • Potential for dedicated bandwidth
  • Minimal risk of data loss
  • Higher complexity in routing (correct)
  • Straightforward setup

    • What security challenge is associated with a packet-switched network?

  • Vulnerability to failure
  • Minimal risk of data loss
  • Requirement of encryption (correct)
  • Guaranteed resources

    • What is an advantage of a circuit-switched network?

  • Shared resources and varying routes
  • Reserved bandwidth during periods of inactivity
  • Potential for packet loss
  • Simple and guaranteed resources setup (correct)

    • Why is a circuit-switched network considered to have limited scalability?

    <p>Extensive infrastructure changes required for scaling up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which network type has the advantage of ensuring minimal risk of data loss during transmission?

    <p>Circuit-switched network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of a circuit-switched network in terms of resource utilization?

    <p>Inefficient resource use with reserved bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard that draws up to 15.4 watts of power from the PoE switch port to power an IP phone?

    <p>IEEE 802.3af-2003</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism helps identify and prevent collisions, improving overall network efficiency?

    <p>Collision Detection/Avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a method to minimize collisions in a network?

    <p>Shared Networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which network is NOT addressed when designing an end-to-end solution for networks?

    <p>Cloud-based wide area network infrastructures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early Ethernet networks utilize in terms of topology?

    <p>Bus topology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard draws up to 25.5 watts of power from the PoE switch port to power an IP phone?

    <p>IEEE 802.3at-2009</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of networks are aggregations of multiple buildings on the same physical campus?

    <p>Campus backbone networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a structured wiring system is responsible for providing connectivity to desktop locations?

    <p>Workstation outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Cut-Through Switching over Store and Forward Switching?

    <p>Limited error checking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of coaxial cable is typically used for RF transmissions and antennae cabling to radio equipment?

    <p>RG-58/U</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What design consideration helps mitigate Ethernet's error susceptibility over longer distances?

    <p>Layer 2 switching functions through MAC address filtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of a Hierarchical Backbone Network over a Flat Backbone Network?

    <p>Simplicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which backbone network approach involves connecting departmental LANs to a centralized high-speed backbone using VLANs and Ethernet tagging?

    <p>Flat Backbone Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of collapsed backbone topology?

    <p>Fiber optic cabling requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the Intrabuilding distribution serve in a structured wiring system?

    <p>/Typically emanates from main distribution frame (MDF) to intermediate distribution frame (IDF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of the destination in a packet-switched network?

    <p>Reassemble packets upon delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the OSI model operates at the bottom and involves the signaling of 1's and 0's?

    <p>Physical Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of current is used in analog communications?

    <p>Alternating current (AC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to define a 1 or a 0 in digital transmission?

    <p>Voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transmission medium consists of an outside insulation protective sheath supported by a metal inner conductor and metallic braided sheath?

    <p>Coaxial transmission medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does air impact the transmission of 1's and 0's in a network?

    <p>When there is no clear line of sight between endpoints or in the presence of moisture like fog or raindrops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue arises on an Ethernet LAN if two devices share the same MAC address?

    <p>Network errors and collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "CSMA/CD" determines if there is available room to transmit by:

    <p>&quot;Listening before transmitting&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "MAC spoofing" on an Ethernet LAN occurs when:

    <p>&quot;Two devices have the same MAC address&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Ethernet LAN doesn't try to prevent all collisions; it merely listens and transmits" - This statement refers to which approach?

    <p>&quot;Non-deterministic, unpredictable transmission approach&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a collapsed backbone network design?

    <p>To simplify the architecture by merging core and distribution layers into one layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which network layer is responsible for managing connectivity to access layer devices?

    <p>Distribution network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Layer 4 Flow Control in a network?

    <p>Managing the pacing of data to prevent congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol is used as the main method to transit packets across a network?

    <p>Internet Protocol (IP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps involved in establishing a TCP connection between a remote client and a server?

    <p>Remote client sends connection request, server acknowledges, client confirms, data exchange, close request, server acknowledges close request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does IPv6 Multicast refer to?

    <p>Sending a packet to multiple destinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In IPv6 architecture, what does a unicast address refer to?

    <p>Assigning IP addresses to individual network interfaces for one-to-one communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of using a host-based IPv6 architecture?

    <p>(large mainframe computer) performing all functions, clients enable users to send/receive messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of using a client/server IPv6 architecture?

    <p>Performance tied to network bandwidth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture?

    <p>Peers share data and processing with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of the architecture described in the text?

    <p>Fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attack prevents normal use of network resources for legitimate purposes?

    <p>DDoS attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Trojan Horse malware?

    <p>Trick users into downloading and exploiting known vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HTTP request method is used to retrieve and render a resource?

    <p>HEAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REST stand for in Representational State Transfer?

    <p>Representational State Transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application layer control uses public-private key system for email protection?

    <p>PGP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a Worm malware?

    <p>Self-replicates and spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology assists in translating connection requests to TCP/IP tunnel for security?

    <p>CONNECT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Botnets?

    <p>Launch attacks from multiple distributed agents IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which malicious software encrypts files or volumes and demands ransom for decryption key?

    <p>Ransomware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a packet-switched network, there is no potential for packet loss or delays.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circuit-switched networks offer simplicity in managing connections because they require complex routing procedures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Packet-switched networks are more efficient in resource utilization compared to circuit-switched networks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key disadvantage of a circuit-switched network is its vulnerability to failure, where a broken circuit disrupts the entire connection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Security challenges are not a concern in packet-switched networks due to their shared nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circuit-switched networks provide constant dedicated bandwidth suitable for real-time applications like voice calls.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CSMA/CD determines if there is available room to transmit by listening to the media for any current traffic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethernet LAN uses a deterministic transmission approach to prevent collisions effectively.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In digital communications, square waves are used to represent 1 or 0 in transmission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fiber optic cables typically have a single strand within the same cable sheath to connect multiple devices.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using radio frequency coax cable can support greater bandwidth and transmissions only at closer distances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    AC current in analog communications continuously changes due to its transmission via a square wave signal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethernet LAN prevents all collisions by actively managing and controlling the network transmissions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fiber optics are not suitable for long-distance data transmissions due to signal degradation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Copper transmission mediums like UTP and STP cabling are primarily used for high-speed transmissions in data networking applications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a packet-switched network, the destination's responsibility includes reassembling packets upon delivery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Full-duplex communication allows simultaneous data transmission and reception, increasing the chance of collisions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethernet supports up to 100 Gbps trunk bandwidth speeds on single-mode optical fiber.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edge networks refer to aggregations of remote buildings within a regional MAN service area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Switched networks provide dedicated paths for communication, reducing collisions compared to shared networks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early Ethernet networks were designed utilizing ring topologies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hierarchical Backbone Network is advantageous over a Flat Backbone Network due to its scalability.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VLANs isolate network traffic throughout by creating multiple collision domains.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CSMA/CD helps in isolating traffic between nodes that frequently exchange packets into a common VLAN.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VLANs provide high-speed backbone trunking to server farms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cut-Through Switching provides more robust error checking compared to Store and Forward Switching.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a structured wiring system, the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is where backbone cabling terminates to provide connectivity to desktop locations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RG-60U coaxial cable is typically used for Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) transmission to monitors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Hierarchical Backbone Network, departmental LANs are connected to a central high-speed backbone using VLANs and Ethernet tagging.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collapsed backbone topology requires fiber optic cabling to connect each departmental LAN to the central switch.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A benefit of a structured wiring system is that it does not support rapid moves, adds, and changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Intrabuilding distribution typically extends from an Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) to the data center facility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collapsed backbone topology offers enhanced performance due to the presence of multiple network tiers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Store and Forward Switching has higher latency compared to Cut-Through Switching due to storing and verifying the complete frame before forwarding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Campus or building backbone distribution typically consists of fiber optic backbone cabling and coaxial bundled cabling for connectivity within a building.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a collapsed backbone network, the core and distribution layers are merged into a single layer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IPv6 Multicast refers to sending a packet to a single destination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three methodologies of IPv6 for sending packets include Unicast, Anycast, and Multicast.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Hierarchical Backbone Network is more scalable than a Flat Backbone Network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The benefits of using a host-based IPv6 architecture include scalability and easy expansion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cut-Through Switching has the advantage of processing frames faster than Store and Forward Switching.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a client/server IPv6 architecture, the client computer performs all four functions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    P2P architecture involves peers sharing data and processing with a centralized server.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CSMA/CD determines available room to transmit by detecting collisions on the network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trojan Horse malware encrypts files or volumes and demands ransom for decryption key.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trojan Horse malware is typically disguised as a harmful program to trick users into downloading it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Virus has the capability to spread file to file without the need for human interaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ransomware encrypts files, demanding a ransom for encryption key and ensuring data integrity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DDoS attack is launched from a single agent IP address.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Botnets are infected workstations controlled by remote-controlled malware.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    S/MIME secures emails using a username and password encryption system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    REST issues remote service calls using TCP and the web.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SSH provides encrypted login capability through a secure username and password system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Worms are self-replicating programs that require human interaction to spread.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malware Scanners use various techniques to check files for trojans and viruses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of a circuit-switched network in terms of scalability?

    <p>Adding more users requires extensive infrastructure changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is security challenging in a packet-switched network?

    <p>Data exposure due to shared nature of the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a circuit-switched network guarantee once the circuit is established?

    <p>Minimal risk of data loss during transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect makes managing connections easier in a circuit-switched network?

    <p>Dedicated bandwidth for each connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are packet-switched networks prone to delays and packet loss?

    <p>Shared resources and varying routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of a circuit-switched network's dedicated bandwidth for real-time applications?

    <p>Predictable connection suitable for voice calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of the destination in a packet-switched network?

    <p>Reassembling packets upon delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can air impact the transmission of 1's and 0's in a network?

    <p>Air can cause distortions in signal when there is no clear line of sight between endpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Physical Layer in the OSI model?

    <p>Handling the signaling of 1's and 0's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of MAC spoofing in an Ethernet LAN?

    <p>To create network errors and collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of current is used in digital communications to represent 1 or 0?

    <p>Square waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fiber optic cables from other transmission media like coaxial and copper?

    <p>They support large amounts of data transmissions over long distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to minimize collisions in a network?

    <p>Isolating traffic between nodes into separate VLANs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ethernet LAN, what approach does Ethernet use to manage collisions effectively?

    <p>Deterministic transmission approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard defines a network running at 10 Mbps using Thicknet coaxial cable?

    <p>IEEE 802.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if two devices share the same MAC address on an Ethernet LAN?

    <p>'Network error and collision' occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ethernet networks, what is the responsibility of NIC cards during collisions?

    <p>Retransmitting after receiving notification of a collision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Full-duplex Communication from Half-duplex Communication in network transmissions?

    <p>Full-duplex allows simultaneous data transmission and reception, while Half-duplex only allows one at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Fiber Optic transmission medium differ from Coaxial transmission medium?

    <p>Fiber optics have a glass core and cladding for light travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method helps identify and prevent collisions in a network?

    <p>Implementing Collision Detection/Avoidance mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of voltage levels are used in Digital communications to represent 1 or 0?

    <p>Square waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do switches make Ethernet networks faster compared to traditional setups?

    <p>Providing dedicated paths for communication and reducing collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Real-time application traffic prioritization important in network routing?

    <p>To avoid network congestion and bandwidth limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of MAC spoofing on an Ethernet LAN?

    <p>Falsifying MAC addresses to gain unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CSMA/CD stand for in the context of Ethernet networking?

    <p>Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using Switched Networks over shared networks?

    <p>Dedicated paths for communication leading to reduced collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of collapsed backbone topology?

    <p>Reduced latency and improved data transfer speeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a structured wiring system is responsible for connecting twisted-pair cabling to an RJ-45 connector at the desktop location?

    <p>Workstation outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does Intrabuilding distribution serve in a structured wiring system?

    <p>Provides connectivity from an MDF to IDF or wiring closets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common type of coaxial cable is typically used for RF transmissions and antennae cabling to radio equipment?

    <p>RG-58/U</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of using hierarchical backbone network approach over flat backbone network approach?

    <p>Reduced complexity with fewer network tiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Layer 2 switching in designing end-to-end solutions for workgroup LANs?

    <p>Error checking through MAC address filtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of store and forward switching compared to cut-through switching?

    <p>Higher latency due to entire frame storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'CSMA/CD helps in isolating traffic between nodes that frequently exchange packets into a common VLAN' - This statement is:

    <p><strong>False</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'VLANs provide high-speed backbone trunking to server farms' - This statement is:

    <p><strong>False</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is used to encrypt and maintain integrity when data is low and only shared to get tasks accomplished?

    <p>Blockchain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of PGP in terms of email protection?

    <p>Uses public-private key system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application layer control offers strong protection for email through a public-private key system?

    <p>S/MIME</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of malware is typically disguised as a useful program to exploit known vulnerabilities?

    <p>Trojan Horse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transmission medium consists of an outer insulation protective sheath supported by a metal inner conductor and metallic braided sheath?

    <p>Coaxial cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which malicious software encrypts files or volumes and demands ransom for decryption key?

    <p>Ransomware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a Worm malware spread?

    <p>By inserting into executable codes or programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'DoS Attack' involves consuming resources on a target computer in order to:

    <p>Prevent legitimate use of network resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of developing 'Malicious Software (malware)'?

    <p>To gather information about users' activity covertly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the core layer in a collapsed backbone network?

    <p>Responsible for high-speed data transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Layer 4 function is responsible for managing the pacing of data to avoid collisions and congestion?

    <p>Flow Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In IPv6, what architecture type involves an application server, an application, and a database server?

    <p>Cloud computing/N-tier architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of IPv6 helps in simplifying renumbering networks?

    <p>Standardizing the host identification part of the address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methodology in IPv6 involves sending a packet to the nearest node in a specified group of nodes?

    <p>Anycast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the TCP Three Way Handshake involve?

    <p><code>A client connection request, server acknowledgment, and client close request</code></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of using Client/Server IPv6 architecture?

    <p><code>Leverages workstation processing and reduces local storage cost</code></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol is commonly used to send error messages in networking?

    <p><code>ICMP</code></p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an IPv6 unicast address, what does it uniquely identify for communication?

    <p><code>A single destination node within an IPv6 network</code></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Packet-Switched Network Responsibilities

    • In a packet-switched network, the destination is responsible for:
      • Putting packets back in order
      • Identifying missing packets and requesting retransmission after a timeout period
      • Reassembling packets upon delivery

    Physical Layer

    • Operates at the bottom layer of the OSI model
    • Responsible for signaling 1's and 0's
    • Uses cabling or transmission media to transmit signals
    • Analog communications use alternating current (AC) with a continuously changing voltage or amplitude signal
    • Digital communications use discrete voltages or values to represent 1's and 0's

    Transmission Media

    • Copper transmission medium:
      • Used in unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP) cables
      • Supports low-, medium-, and high-speed transmissions
    • Coaxial transmission medium:
      • Used in rugged indoor or outdoor cables
      • Supports greater bandwidth and longer distances
    • Glass/fiber transmission medium:
      • Supports large amounts of data transmission over long distances
      • Typically has multiple strands within the same cable sheath
    • Air transmission medium:
      • Used in infrared, satellite, wireless, or radio frequency (RF)-based network technology
      • Can be affected by lack of clear line of sight or moisture

    Network Interface Cards (NICs)

    • Can possess multiple NICs, especially in virtual machines
    • Enables association with multiple MAC addresses
    • MAC addresses can be modified through software drivers, but conflicts arise if two devices share the same MAC address

    Ethernet

    • Uses a nondeterministic, unpredictable transmission approach
    • Operates using CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
    • Supports up to 400 Gbps trunk bandwidth speeds on single-mode optical fiber
    • Uses Layer 2 and Layer 3 LAN switches to provide each port with an Ethernet LAN segment or collision domain

    Network Design

    • Minimizing collisions in a network can be achieved through:
      • Full-duplex communication
      • Switched networks
      • Segmentation
      • Collision detection/avoidance
    • Networks can be categorized into:
      • Edge networks
      • Building backbone networks
      • Campus backbone networks
      • Metropolitan area networks (MANs)
      • Wide area backbone networks

    Ethernet Detention

    • Works when a NIC transmits onto the media and simultaneously listens
    • A valid transmission allows the destination node to receive the Ethernet frame, while collisions trigger the transmitting node's transceiver to halt and retransmit after a random backoff

    IEEE PoE Standards

    • IEEE 802.3af (2003): Draws up to 15.4 watts of power from the PoE switch port
    • IEEE 802.3at (2009): Draws up to 25.5 watts of power from the PoE switch port

    Disadvantages of Packet-Switched Network

    • Potential for packet loss and delays
    • Higher complexity in routing
    • Security challenges

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Circuit-Switched Network

    • Advantages:
      • Constant dedicated bandwidth
      • No packet loss
      • Simplicity in managing connections
    • Disadvantages:
      • Inefficient use of resources
      • Limited scalability
      • Vulnerability to failure

    Structured Wiring System

    • Components:
      • Workstation outlet and RJ-45 connections
      • Intermediate distribution frame (IDF) or wiring closet
      • Intrabuilding distribution
      • Main distribution frame (MDF) or data center
    • Benefits:
      • Modular and flexible for supporting end-to-end connectivity
      • Supports rapid moves, adds, and changes
      • Has a lifespan of more than 10 years of operation

    Cut-Through and Store-and-Forward Switching

    • Cut-Through Switching:
      • Advantages: Lower latency
      • Disadvantages: Limited error checking
    • Store-and-Forward Switching:
      • Advantages: Robust error checking
      • Disadvantages: Higher latency

    Design Considerations for Internetworking Workgroup LANs

    • Various-sized switches with fixed-port and chassis-based options
    • Fiber optic cables for extended connectivity
    • Layer 2 switching functions through MAC address filtering and forwarding
    • IEEE 802.1Q Ethernet tagging for unique identification and extension of Layer 2 VLANs### Network Architecture
    • Used in collaborative environments where peers trust each other
    • Technology is not safe, so Blockchain is used to encrypt and maintain integrity
    • Benefits: Fault tolerant, reduced need for central authority
    • Drawbacks: No central authority, conflict resolution must be negotiated, difficult to provide confidentiality

    Data Storage and Management

    • Stores and manages data efficiently
    • Process: Data Storage, Data Processing, User Interface (UI) Processing, Business Logic Processing

    Request Methods

    • GET: Retrieve and render a resource (web page)
    • HEAD: Same as GET, without any data in the response body
    • POST: Submit input data to resource (web server)
    • PUT: Overwrite data on (web server) resource
    • DELETE: Delete data in (web server) resource
    • TRACE: Generates an echo for debugging and auditing of a web server
    • OPTIONS: Returns HTTP methods the web server supports
    • CONNECT: Translates connection request to a TCP/IP tunnel; to increase security of a connection (HTTPS)
    • PATCH: Applied partial modifications to the specified resource

    Representational State Transfer (REST)

    • Issues remote service calls using HTTP and the web
    • HTTP response consists of 3 parts: Status code, Response header, Optional message body

    Malicious Software (Malware)

    • Developed for the purpose of doing harm
    • Types:
      • Trojan Horse: Disguised as a useful program to trick users to download and exploit known vulnerabilities
      • Spyware: Covertly gathers information about users' activity and reports it to a third party
      • Virus: Capability to generate copies of itself and spread file to file; it requires interaction of an individual and spread slowly
      • Worm: A self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable codes, programs, or documents
      • Ransomware: Malware that encrypts files, or even entire volumes, and forces the victim to pay a ransom to get the decryption key

    Security Threats

    • DoS Attack: Attacker consumes the resources on a target computer and prevents normal use of network resources for legitimate purposes
    • DDoS Attack: Similar to DoS; except attack is launched from multiple distributed agents IP addresses
    • Botnets: Workstations infected with remote-controlled malware from a collection of other remotely controlled infected workstations

    Application Layer Controls

    • Malware Scanners: Anti-malware programs use many techniques to check files and applications for viruses
    • SSH: Gives the ability to login to systems in a secure manner as username and password are encrypted
    • PGP: Uses public-private key system and offers strong protection from email
    • S/MIME: Secures email by using X.509 certificates authentication

    HTTP Request Process

    • Web browser initiates connection
    • Web browser sends HTTP request to server
    • Browser constructs HTTP message and sends to host from URL
    • HTTP request methods indicates whether request/response has a body and how to handle the message

    Packet-Switched Network

    • Disadvantages:
      • Potential for packet loss and delays
      • Higher complexity in routing
      • Security challenges
    • Advantages:
      • Constant dedicated bandwidth
      • No packet loss
      • Simplicity in managing connections

    Circuit-Switched Network

    • Disadvantages:
      • Inefficient use of resources
      • Limited scalability
      • Vulnerability to failure
    • Advantages:
      • Ensures a stable, predictable connection suitable for real-time applications like voice calls
      • Minimal risk of data loss during transmission

    Physical Layer

    • Operates at the bottom layer of the OSI model
    • Signaling of 1's and 0's occurs
    • Cabling or other transmission media is needed to transmit them
    • Analog communications use alternating current (AC)
    • Digital communications utilize discrete voltages or values to represent a 1 or a 0 in transmission

    Transmission Medium

    • Copper transmission mediums:
      • Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable
    • Coaxial transmission medium:
      • Rugged indoor or outdoor cable
      • Supports greater bandwidth and transmissions at further distances
    • Glass/fiber transmission medium:
      • Fiber cables have a glass core surrounded by a glass cladding
      • Supports large amounts of data transmissions over very far distances
    • Air Transmission Medium:
      • Transmission medium for infrared, satellite, wireless, or radio frequency (RF)-based network technology

    Network Interface Card (NIC)

    • Physical component that connects a computer to a network
    • Can possess multiple NICs, especially when using virtual machines on the same physical workstation
    • Having multiple NICs enables association with several MAC addresses

    MAC Addressing

    • MAC address is typically assigned by the manufacturer for each NIC
    • Some NICs permit users to modify these addresses through software drivers
    • MAC spoofing: This will create a network error and collisions on an Ethernet LAN if two devices have the same MAC address

    Ethernet

    • Uses a nondeterministic, unpredictable transmission approach
    • CSMA/CD determine if there is available room to transmit
    • IEEE 802.3af-2003: Standard that draws up to 15.4 watts of power from the PoE switch port to power an IP phone
    • IEEE 802.3at-2009: Standard that draws up to 25.5 watts of power from the PoE switch port to power an IP phone

    Collision Detection/Avoidance

    • Mechanisms help identify and prevent collisions, improving overall network efficiency
    • Full-duplex Communication: Allows simultaneous data transmission and reception, reducing the chance of collisions
    • Switched Networks: Provide dedicated paths for communication, minimizing collisions compared to shared networks
    • Segmentation: Breaks the network into smaller collision domains, limiting the scope of collisions

    Quality of Service (QoS)

    • Routing that prioritizes time-sensitive protocols, ensuring faster delivery of packets
    • Enables real-time applications, relying on time-sensitive protocols, to benefit from faster delivery of packets

    Switching

    • Components of CSMA/CD:
      • Carrier sense
      • Multiple access
      • Collision detection
    • Cut-Through Switching: Forwards frames as soon as the destination address is recognized, reducing latency
    • Store and Forward Switching: Stores and verifies the complete frame before forwarding, enabling more robust error checking

    Structured Wiring System

    • Components:
      • Workstation outlet and RJ-45 connections
      • Intermediate distribution frame (IDF) or wiring closet
      • Intrabuilding distribution
      • Main distribution frame (MDF) or data center
    • Benefits:
      • Modular and flexible for supporting end-to-end connectivity
      • Support rapid moves, adds, and changes
      • Have a lifespan of more than 10 years of operation

    Coaxial Cable

    • Types:
      • RG-6: Typically used for home audio, video, and TV transmission equipment
      • RG-58: Typically used for RF transmissions and antennae cabling to radio equipment
      • RG-59/U: Closed circuit television (CCTV) transmission to monitors
      • RG-60U: High definition television (HDTV) and high-speed cable modems

    Network Design

    • Considerations:
      • Various-sized switches with fixed-port and chassis-based options
      • Fiber optic cables to mitigate error susceptibility
      • Layer 2 switching functions through MAC address filtering and forwarding mechanisms
      • IEEE 802.1Q Ethernet tagging to enable unique identification and extension of Layer 2 VLANs
      • Optimize performance with high-speed Ethernet, QoS, and scalable subnetting
      • Enhance security through ACLs, firewalls, and robust authentication mechanisms

    Backbone Network

    • Approaches:
      • Hierarchical Backbone Network: Features a structured, multilayered design linking departmental LANs to a central high-speed backbone
      • Flat Backbone Network: Involves connecting departmental LANs to a centralized high-speed backbone using VLANs and Ethernet tagging
    • Advantages of collapsed backbone topology:
      • Simplicity
      • Cost-effectiveness
      • Enhanced performance
    • Disadvantages of collapsed backbone topology:
      • Fiber optic cabling is required
      • The central switch represents a single point of failure### Network Architecture
    • A collapsed backbone network is a simplified design where the core and distribution layers are collapsed into a single layer.
    • The core layer is responsible for high-speed data transfer, and the distribution layer manages connectivity to access layer devices.
    • There are 3 common network connection levels:
      • Access network: supports PC and workstation connectivity
      • Distribution network: connects workgroup LANs into department LANs
      • Core backbone network: connects building backbones and departmental LANs into a common and shared network

    Network Services

    • Layer 4 provides flow control, fragmentation/assembly, error control, and acknowledgement of delivery.
    • Protocols operate within the network layer, including:
      • IP (main protocol used to transit packets across the network)
      • ICMP (easy method to send short messages, commonly used for error messages)
      • IPSec (authenticates and encrypts each IP packet)

    TCP Connection

    • Steps to set up and use a TCP connection:
      • Remote client sends connection request to server
      • Server acknowledges connection request
      • Client confirms acknowledgment to server
      • TCP connection is established, and client and server exchange messages
      • Remote client sends a close request to the server
      • Server acknowledges the close request and sends all messages
      • Client acknowledges server's close request
      • Server closes its side of the connection after receiving acknowledgment
    • Steps 1-3 are referred to as the Three Way Handshake

    IPv6

    • Making assigning IP addresses easier
    • Simplifying renumbering networks
    • Standardizing the host identification part of the address
    • Integrating network security into the protocol
    • Defining multicasting as part of the specification
    • 3 methodologies to send packets to one, several, or many destinations:
      • Unicast: sending a packet to a single destination
      • Anycast: sending a packet to the nearest node in a specified group of nodes
      • Multicast: sending a packet to multiple destinations

    Architecture Types

    • Host-based: server performing all four functions and clients enable users to send and receive messages to and from the host computer
      • Benefits: superior security controls, easy to manage data concurrency, simple
      • Drawbacks: not scalable, single point of failure, difficult to expand
    • Client/server: server performing all four functions is accessed by the client computer through the network
      • Benefits: leverages workstations processing, reduces local storage cost
      • Drawbacks: excessive network I/O, not scalable, performance tied to network bandwidth
    • Cloud computing/N-tier: users view websites through application server request, and the application accesses its data security through a database server
      • Benefits: maximizes data and processing distribution, scalable, easy to add components on demand
      • Drawbacks: more complex to code for distributed infrastructure, administration and security are partially outsourced/split, operations and recovery planning are more complex with more components
    • Peer-to-peer (P2P): peers share data and processing with each other
      • Benefits: fault tolerant, reduced need for central authority
      • Drawbacks: no central authority, conflict resolution must be negotiated, difficult to provide confidentiality

    HTTP Request

    • Process of an HTTP request:
      • Web browser initiates connection
      • Web browser sends HTTP request to server
      • Browser constructs HTTP message and sends to host from URL
      • HTTP request methods indicate whether request/response has a body and how to handle the message
    • Request methods:
      • GET: retrieve and render a resource
      • HEAD: same as GET, without any data in the response body
      • POST: submit input data to resource
      • PUT: overwrite data on resource
      • DELETE: delete data in resource
      • TRACE: generates an echo for debugging and auditing of a web server
      • OPTIONS: returns HTTP methods the web server supports
      • CONNECT: translates connection request to a TCP/IP tunnel; to increase security of a connection
      • PATCH: applied partial modifications to the specified resource

    Malicious Software

    • Malware: developed for the purpose of doing harm
    • Types of malware:
      • Trojan Horse: disguises as a useful program to trick users into downloading and exploiting known vulnerabilities
      • Spyware: software application that covertly gathers information about users' activity and reports it to a third party
      • Virus: capability to generate copies of itself and spread file to file; it requires interaction of an individual and spreads slowly
      • Worm: a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable codes, programs, or documents
      • Ransomware: malware that encrypts files, or even entire volumes, and forces the victim to pay a ransom to get the decryption key

    Network Security

    • Application Layer controls that can stand between attackers:
      • Malware scanners: anti-malware programs use many techniques to check files and applications for viruses
      • SSH: gives the ability to login to systems in a secure manner as username and password are encrypted
      • PGP: uses public-private key system and offers strong protection from email
      • S/MIME: secures email by using X.509 certificates authentication

    Packet-Switched Network

    • Disadvantages:
      • Potential for packet loss and delays
      • Higher complexity in routing
      • Security challenges
    • Advantages:
      • Efficient use of resources
      • Scalable
      • Flexible

    Circuit-Switched Network

    • Disadvantages:
      • Inefficient use of resources
      • Limited scalability
      • Vulnerability to failure
    • Advantages:
      • Constant dedicated bandwidth
      • No packet loss
      • Simplicity in managing connections

    Physical Layer

    • Operates at the bottom layer of the OSI model
    • Signaling of 1's and 0's occurs at this layer
    • Cabling or other transmission media is needed to transmit them
    • Types of transmission media:
      • Copper transmission mediums: used in UTP and STP cables
      • Coaxial transmission medium: used in rugged indoor or outdoor cable
      • Glass/fiber transmission medium: used in fiber cables
      • Air transmission medium: used in infrared, satellite, wireless, or radio frequency (RF)-based network technology

    Ethernet

    • Uses a nondeterministic, unpredictable transmission approach
    • Doesn't try to prevent all collisions; it merely listens and transmits
    • CSMA/CD determine if there is available room to transmit
    • Components of CSMA/CD:
      • Carrier sense
      • Multiple access
      • Collision detection
    • IEEE PoE standards:
      • IEEE 802.3af-2003: standard that draws up to 15.4 watts of power from the PoE switch port
      • IEEE 802.3at-2009: standard that draws up to 25.5 watts of power from the PoE switch port

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the components of a structured wiring system, including workstation outlets, RJ-45 connections, intermediate distribution frames (IDF), and intrabuilding distribution. Learn about the key elements that make up a structured cabling infrastructure.

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