Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary method used by structuralists to explore mental processes?
What was the primary method used by structuralists to explore mental processes?
- Observation
- Surveys
- Introspection (correct)
- Experimentation
Which of the following is NOT considered a basic element of consciousness in structuralism?
Which of the following is NOT considered a basic element of consciousness in structuralism?
- Images
- Perceptions (correct)
- Sensations
- Feelings
Why did structuralism decline as a school of thought in psychology?
Why did structuralism decline as a school of thought in psychology?
- It relied heavily on objective measurements.
- It ignored the practical functions of mental processes. (correct)
- It was too abstract and lacked application.
- It focused too much on unconscious thought.
What aspect of mental processes did structuralists primarily focus on?
What aspect of mental processes did structuralists primarily focus on?
Which school of thought emerged as a response to the limitations of structuralism?
Which school of thought emerged as a response to the limitations of structuralism?
What was one major criticism of the introspection method used in structuralism?
What was one major criticism of the introspection method used in structuralism?
Who were the two main figures associated with the development of structuralism?
Who were the two main figures associated with the development of structuralism?
What did structuralists aim to achieve by breaking down mental processes?
What did structuralists aim to achieve by breaking down mental processes?
What primary therapeutic technique did Freud use to help patients express repressed material?
What primary therapeutic technique did Freud use to help patients express repressed material?
How does transference manifest in the therapeutic setting?
How does transference manifest in the therapeutic setting?
According to Adler, what is the main driving force behind human behavior?
According to Adler, what is the main driving force behind human behavior?
What can develop if an individual is unable to overcome their feelings of inferiority?
What can develop if an individual is unable to overcome their feelings of inferiority?
How does successful personal development contrast with an inferiority complex according to Adler?
How does successful personal development contrast with an inferiority complex according to Adler?
What is one of the key concepts in Adler's theory of Individual Psychology?
What is one of the key concepts in Adler's theory of Individual Psychology?
Which technique did Freud believe would help bypass the ego's defenses?
Which technique did Freud believe would help bypass the ego's defenses?
In Adlerian psychology, what does striving for superiority ultimately allow individuals to do?
In Adlerian psychology, what does striving for superiority ultimately allow individuals to do?
What is the ultimate goal in understanding the concept of the self (Atman)?
What is the ultimate goal in understanding the concept of the self (Atman)?
Which quality is associated with calmness and clarity in mental states?
Which quality is associated with calmness and clarity in mental states?
What does Tamas primarily lead to in individuals?
What does Tamas primarily lead to in individuals?
Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?
Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?
What does behaviorism primarily reject in its approach to psychology?
What does behaviorism primarily reject in its approach to psychology?
Which of the following figures contributed to the development of classical conditioning?
Which of the following figures contributed to the development of classical conditioning?
Which school of thought did behaviorism emerge as a reaction against?
Which school of thought did behaviorism emerge as a reaction against?
Which quality is primarily related to ambition and desire in behavior?
Which quality is primarily related to ambition and desire in behavior?
What motivates individuals according to Adler's concept of fictional finalism?
What motivates individuals according to Adler's concept of fictional finalism?
How does Adler conceptualize psychological disorders?
How does Adler conceptualize psychological disorders?
Which component is central to Adlerian therapy?
Which component is central to Adlerian therapy?
What is the role of encouragement in Adlerian therapy?
What is the role of encouragement in Adlerian therapy?
In Adlerian therapy, what is emphasized regarding client goals?
In Adlerian therapy, what is emphasized regarding client goals?
What does Adlerian therapy aim to strengthen in individuals?
What does Adlerian therapy aim to strengthen in individuals?
What type of psychological approach is Adlerian therapy considered?
What type of psychological approach is Adlerian therapy considered?
What does Adler suggest is a result of not facing life's challenges?
What does Adler suggest is a result of not facing life's challenges?
What is the collective unconscious according to Jung?
What is the collective unconscious according to Jung?
Which archetype represents the unified whole of the personality?
Which archetype represents the unified whole of the personality?
What does confronting and integrating the Shadow involve?
What does confronting and integrating the Shadow involve?
How does the Anima contribute to psychological balance in individuals?
How does the Anima contribute to psychological balance in individuals?
Individuation is best described as:
Individuation is best described as:
Which concept does Jung often relate individuation to?
Which concept does Jung often relate individuation to?
What differentiates the personal unconscious from the collective unconscious?
What differentiates the personal unconscious from the collective unconscious?
What role does the Persona play in an individual's life?
What role does the Persona play in an individual's life?
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Study Notes
Structuralism in Psychology
- Founded by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener as one of the earliest psychological schools.
- Aimed to analyze the mind by breaking down mental processes into basic components.
- Utilized introspection, where trained subjects reflect on conscious experiences to describe mental processes.
- Basic elements of consciousness identified by structuralists:
- Sensations: Physical experiences related to the senses.
- Images: Mental representations like thoughts and memories.
- Feelings: Emotional responses.
- Focused on the "what" of mental processes, mapping components of conscious experiences.
- Criticized for lack of objectivity and reliance on subjective introspection.
- Limited scope by ignoring unconscious processes, leading to the rise of functionalism.
Influence of Indian Philosophy
- Texts like the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita explore states of consciousness and self-realization.
- Central concept of the self (Atman) in understanding mental states, aiming for liberation (Moksha).
- Samkhya philosophy classifies human behavior through the interaction of three gunas (qualities):
- Sattva: Purity, balance, and harmony, leading to clarity and peacefulness.
- Rajas: Activity, passion, and restlessness, motivating ambition and desire.
- Tamas: Inertia, darkness, and ignorance, causing lethargy and confusion.
Behaviorism
- Focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes.
- Beliefs based on conditioning and environmental interactions; introspection is rejected.
- Key figures include John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura.
John B. Watson and Early Behaviorism
- Founder of behaviorism, emerging as a reaction against introspective psychology.
- "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913) advocates studying observable behavior, dismissing internal mental states.
- Influenced by Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning, demonstrating behaviors learned through association.
Freudian Psychoanalysis
- Introduced concepts of dream analysis and free association to uncover unconscious meanings.
- Free association allows repressed material to surface through unfiltered expression.
- Transference occurs when patients project feelings toward significant others onto the therapist for healing.
Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology
- Emphasized uniqueness and social relations over unconscious drives.
- Introduced concepts like inferiority complex and striving for superiority:
- Inferiority Complex: Pervasive sense of inadequacy hindering personal growth.
- Striving for Superiority: A motivating force to overcome challenges and improve oneself.
Key Concepts of Adlerian Psychology
- Fictional Finalism: Individuals are motivated by personal myths or goals that may not be based on reality.
- Psychological disorders arise from lack of social interest and inability to face life's challenges.
- Adlerian therapy focuses on:
- Exploration of early memories for insights into beliefs.
- Encouragement to build confidence and recognize strengths.
- Clarifying life goals and motivations.
Jung's Theories
- Concept of collective unconscious: shared layer containing universal archetypal symbols.
- Archetypes include:
- The Self: Represents wholeness and personal integration.
- The Shadow: The repressed aspects needing integration for growth.
- Anima/Animus: Feminine aspects in men and masculine aspects in women.
- The Persona: Social mask that can obscure the true self.
- Individuation: The journey of integrating different self-aspects for personal balance and awareness.
- Distinction between personal unconscious (individual experiences) and collective unconscious (shared symbols).
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