Psychology Chapter: Wundt and Structuralism

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of Wundt's structuralism?

  • Social behaviour
  • Cognitive processes
  • Breaking down behaviour into basic elements (correct)
  • Developmental stages

Introspection is considered a scientific method today.

False (B)

Who is known as the father of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

The biological approach includes the idea of __________, which claims that behaviour is predetermined by biological factors.

<p>determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of the biological approach?

<p>Use of scientific methods and objective data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Structuralism = Analyzing conscious experience Introspection = Self-examination of thoughts Biological approach = Study of biological influences on behavior Determinism = Predetermined actions by biological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biological approach has led to the creation of psychoactive drugs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the biological approach provides internal validity?

<p>Objective data from scientific measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key mediational process identified by Bandura in social learning theory?

<p>Attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorism considers the influence of free will significant in determining behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of replacing a feared object with relaxation in treatment called?

<p>systematic desensitisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the cognitive approach, a __________ is a package of beliefs and expectations formed from prior experiences.

<p>schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with the appropriate descriptions:

<p>Vicarious reinforcement = Reinforcement observed in others Schema = Organized packets of information Modeling = Imitating behavior observed Machine reductionism = Oversimplifying the brain as a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern is associated with Skinner's experiments?

<p>Animals being exposed to stressful situations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cognitive approach is criticized for being overly simplistic by comparing the brain to a computer.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon indicates that a person may become a role model based on shared characteristics?

<p>Attractiveness and status</p> Signup and view all the answers

The behaviorist approach is grounded in the principle of __________, focusing on observable behaviors.

<p>conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation?

<p>Social learning theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Structuralism

A method of studying consciousness by breaking it down into its basic elements, such as sensations, emotional reactions, and thoughts.

Introspection

The systematic examination of one's own conscious experience as objectively as possible.

Biological Approach

The study of how biological factors influence behavior and mental processes, including genetics, neurotransmitters, and brain structure.

Determinism (Biological)

The belief that all human behavior is caused by biological factors that are beyond our control.

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Biological Determinism

The idea that all behavior is caused by internal, biological factors, such as genes, neurotransmitters, and brain structure.

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Biological Explanation of Crime

The belief that criminal behavior is caused by inherited traits, such as a 'criminal gene'.

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Criticism of Evolutionary Explanations

A disadvantage of the biological approach, arguing that many human behaviors have cultural origins that are not tied to survival or reproduction.

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Inbreeding

A genetic condition that can arise from interbreeding, leading to harmful mutations.

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Behaviorism

A psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are learned through conditioning.

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Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring response, eventually triggering that response on its own.

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Systematic Desensitization

A technique used to help reduce phobias and anxieties by gradually exposing individuals to the feared object or situation while teaching them relaxation techniques.

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Determinism

The assumption that all behavior is learned through previous experiences, ignoring the possibility of free will.

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Social Learning Theory

Learning by observing and imitating others.

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Vicarious Reinforcement

The process of learning by observing someone else being reinforced for a specific behavior.

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Mediational Processes

A cognitive process that involves capturing attention, remembering what was observed, being able to physically reproduce the action, and having the motivation to do it.

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Schema

A mental representation of a concept or object based on prior experiences.

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Cognitive Shortcut

Using mental shortcuts based on schemas, which can be helpful, but can also lead to biases and mistakes.

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Computer Model

The idea that the mind functions like a computer, with processing units and storage systems.

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Study Notes

Wilhelm Wundt's Contributions

  • Wundt published 'Principles of Physiological Psychology' in 1873.
  • He established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
  • He is considered the "father of psychology" due to his structuralism approach.

Structuralism

  • Introspection: A systematic examination of one's own conscious experiences.
  • Advantages: Objective data, standardized instructions, high internal validity.
  • Disadvantages: Subjective, unscientific today, self-report data.
  • Assumptions: All behavior is caused (determined), and predictable.
  • Elements: Sensations, emotional reactions, thoughts.

Biological Approach

  • Advantages: Scientific method, high control, replicable, valid objective data, improved real-world applications (drug development for mental illness).
  • Disadvantages: Deterministic view, potentially undermines legal responsibility (criminal behavior). Evolutionary explanations may overlook cultural influences.

Behaviorist Approach

  • Advantages: Scientific, testable theories, objective measurements, cause-and-effect relationships.
  • Real-World Application: Phobia and anxiety treatment (e.g., systematic desensitization).
  • Disadvantages: Ignores free will, classical and operant conditioning cannot explain all learning types, ethical concerns (animal stress).

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

  • Key Concepts: Learning through observation and imitation (modeling), vicarious reinforcement.
  • Mediational Processes: Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation.
  • Bobo Doll Experiment: Demonstrated the role of modeling in learning, influenced by observer characteristics.
  • Advantages: Explains cultural differences, comprehensive view of learning.
  • Disadvantages: Over-reliance on lab studies (demand characteristics), limited biological factor consideration

Cognitive Approach

  • Focus: Internal mental processes, inferred from observations.
  • Computer Model: Brain processes like a computer (CPU, coding, storage).
  • Schema: Packages of beliefs/expectations impacting thoughts and behaviors.
  • Advantages: Explains and treats mental illness (schemas), scientific approach.
  • Disadvantages: Machine reductionism (oversimplification), inferences are assumptions, less scientific than other approaches .

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