38 Questions
What is the likely reason for the increased risk of infection in older adults due to fat loss and thinning of the skin?
Loss of natural barriers
What is the primary reason for the decrease in circulating memory B cells in older adults?
Thymic hormone production drops
What contributes to the neonate's susceptibility to overwhelming sepsis?
Deficient oxidative and bacterial responses
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?
Recognize and neutralize foreign antigens
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland cortex to release cortisol during the stress response?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the outcome of prolonged stress on wound healing and susceptibility to infection?
Poor wound healing and increased susceptibility to infection
What psychological response may lead to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or phobias?
Conditional response
What diseases are associated with stress-related exacerbation or progression?
Autoimmune diseases and HIV progression
What is the ratio of immature to mature neutrophils in 'left shift' leukocytosis?
Increased ratio of immature to mature neutrophils
What are acute-phase reactants mostly produced by?
Liver cells
What is the characteristic feature of chronic inflammation?
Persistence of many processes of acute inflammation
What type of exudate indicates more advanced inflammation?
Fibrinous exudate
What does the formation of a granuloma indicate?
Persistence of acute inflammation
What occurs in the process of liquefaction necrosis?
Decay of cells and breakdown of cellular debris
What do hemorrhagic exudate indicate?
Bleeding
What causes fever in acute inflammation?
Exogenous pyrogens acting on the hypothalamus
What is the possible link among stress, immune function, and disease?
Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
What is the characteristic manifestation of H2 receptors?
Increases gastric secretions
What occurs in the upper airway causing rhinitis and conjunctivitis in response to inhaled allergens?
Type I, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity response
What leads to acute type I allergic reaction causing sudden urticaria and respiratory distress?
Systemic or localized exposure to antigens
Which antibody is activated on basophils with promotion of mediator release?
IgE
Which cells are destroyed by antibodies and complement in type II tissue-specific reactions?
Target cells
What is the role of neutrophils in type II tissue-specific reactions?
Release of granules
What causes target cell malfunction in type II tissue-specific reactions?
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
What is the characteristic feature of Rheumatic Heart Disease?
Leaflet thickening and commissural fusion
What is the Jones criteria used for?
Diagnosing Rheumatic fever
Which immune process results in damage from complement activation and neutrophil lysosomal enzymes?
Type III Immune Complex Disease
Which type of allergy is characterized by an exaggerated response to an environmental antigen?
Type I allergy
What is the main control mechanism for type I allergic responses?
Blocking with antihistamines
In immune complex diseases, what size of immune complexes are deposited in tissues causing problems?
Intermediate - Deposited in tissues
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with?
Type III
What is the role of UV radiation in systemic lupus erythematosus?
It triggers the onset of SLE in genetically susceptible individuals
Which group has a higher prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Blacks
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Antibody-mediated destruction of host cells
What is the primary cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rh-negative mother giving birth to a Rh-negative infant
What triggers transient neonatal alloimmunity?
Fetus expressing parental antigens not found in the mother
Which blood type is considered a universal recipient?
AB
Approximately what percentage of North American white individuals are Rh-negative?
~15%
Test your knowledge on the relationship between stress, immune function, and disease. This quiz covers the impact of stress on pro-inflammatory cytokines, immune cell functions, and inappropriate immune responses.
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