Stratum Ordering and Productivity

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of understanding the conversion process?

To simplify the structure of language

To create new words without adding extra parts (correct)

To differentiate between nouns and verbs

To add extra parts to words

According to Marchand (1969), what is paramount in determining the direction of conversion?

Phonetic accuracy

Morphological uniformity

Syntactic complexity

Semantic considerations (correct)

Which part of speech can sometimes originate from nouns through the conversion process?

Adjectives

Adverbs

Verbs (correct)

Prepositions

What determines the semantic priority in conversion according to Marchand (1969)?

The semantic implication by the other word Signup and view all the answers

In disyllabic words, where does the stress typically fall for most nouns?

On the first syllable Signup and view all the answers

What does lexical phonology help shed light on regarding the phenomenon of conversion?

The conversion process Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Stratum 1 and Stratum 2 affixes?

Stratum 2 affixes are semantically less coherent compared to Stratum 1. Signup and view all the answers

What is the regular predictable meaning of the Stratum 2 suffix '-less'?

'Without' Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-ous' typically mean?

'Full of' Signup and view all the answers

Why is the meaning of the suffix '-ous' described as vague and unpredictable?

It depends on the base it combines with. Signup and view all the answers

Which stratum contains more idiosyncratic word-formation processes?

Stratum 1 Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-less' mean in word formation?

'Without' Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental feature of English lexical words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs?

Stress Signup and view all the answers

According to Kiparsky (1982), at which Stratum does the stress remain on the first syllable when a noun is converted into a verb?

Stratum 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the stress pattern for verbs derived from nouns at Stratum 2?

Stressed on the first syllable Signup and view all the answers

Which suffixes can cause stress to shift within a word according to the text?

-ee, -al, -ity, -ory Signup and view all the answers

What happens to stress when a verb is converted into a noun according to Kiparsky (1982)?

Stress moves to the first syllable Signup and view all the answers

Where does non-neutral suffixes cause stress to shift within a word?

Stratum 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between denominal and deverbal conversion?

Denominal conversion happens in Stratum 2, while deverbal conversion occurs in Stratum 1. Signup and view all the answers

How are strong verbs formed according to the text?

Strong verbs change their stem vowel from /ɪ/ to /æ/ in the past tense. Signup and view all the answers

Which stratum predicts that a morphological process is likely to be more productive?

Stratum 2 Signup and view all the answers

What type of verbs are formed at Stratum 2 according to the text?

Denominal verbs Signup and view all the answers

Which rule applies only at Stratum 1 for verb formation?

Ablaut rule Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of forming verbs from the majority of nouns?

It implies that noun-to-verb conversion occurs more frequently than the inverse. Signup and view all the answers

What type of words are affected by the trisyllabic laxing rule?

Words with 3 or more syllables where one is stressed and followed by unstressed Signup and view all the answers

Which process cannot access the productive word-formation process at stratum 2?

Irregular processes at stratum 1 Signup and view all the answers

What does the trisyllabic laxing rule involve changing in the vowel?

Tense vowel to a lax vowel Signup and view all the answers

What does Velar softening transform /k/ into when followed by non-low front vowels?

[dʒ] Signup and view all the answers

Why can't the trisyllabic laxing rule be applied to 'nightingale' and 'ivory'?

They don't meet the syllable and stress criteria for the rule Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the strict cycle condition on denominal verbs ending with -ing or -ink?

Prevents them from undergoing a specific rule Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Conversion Process

The main purpose of understanding the conversion process is to determine the direction of conversion, which is paramount in understanding the semantic priority of words.

Conversion and Part of Speech

Nouns can sometimes originate from other parts of speech through the conversion process.

Marchand's Theories (1969)

According to Marchand, what determines the semantic priority in conversion is paramount.
Marchand's theories also explain that the direction of conversion is paramount in determining the semantic priority of words.

Phonology and Conversion

Lexical phonology helps shed light on the phenomenon of conversion by explaining how stress patterns change during the conversion process.
In disyllabic words, the stress typically falls on the first syllable for most nouns.

Stratum and Affixes

The main difference between Stratum 1 and Stratum 2 affixes is their productivity and ability to cause stress shifts.
Stratum 2 affixes, such as '-less', have a regular predictable meaning, whereas Stratum 1 affixes are more idiosyncratic.
The suffix '-ous' typically means "having the quality of" or "relating to", but its meaning is described as vague and unpredictable.
Stratum 1 contains more idiosyncratic word-formation processes.

Word Formation and Suffixes

The suffix '-less' means "without" or "lacking" in word formation.
A fundamental feature of English lexical words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs is their ability to change parts of speech through conversion.

Kiparsky's Theories (1982)

According to Kiparsky, at Stratum 1, the stress remains on the first syllable when a noun is converted into a verb.
The stress pattern for verbs derived from nouns at Stratum 2 is unpredictable and varies depending on the suffix used.
Suffixes such as '-ous' and '-less' can cause stress to shift within a word.
When a verb is converted into a noun, the stress shifts to the first syllable, according to Kiparsky.
Non-neutral suffixes cause stress to shift within a word, typically to the first syllable.

Conversion Types

The key difference between denominal and deverbal conversion is the direction of conversion, from noun to verb or verb to noun.
Strong verbs are formed through denominal conversion.

Stratum and Productivity

Stratum 2 predicts that a morphological process is likely to be more productive and regular.
Weak verbs are formed at Stratum 2, which is more productive and regular than Stratum 1.

Verb Formation Rules

The rule that applies only at Stratum 1 for verb formation is the stress remaining on the first syllable.
The significance of forming verbs from the majority of nouns is that it allows for greater flexibility in language use.

Phonological Rules

The trisyllabic laxing rule affects words with three syllables, changing the vowel sound in the middle syllable.
Velar softening transforms /k/ into /ʃ/ or /t͡ʃ/ when followed by non-low front vowels.
The trisyllabic laxing rule cannot be applied to words like 'nightingale' and 'ivory' because of their phonological structure.
The rule involves changing the vowel sound in the middle syllable to a lax vowel.

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Description

Explore the hierarchical ordering of strata in linguistic word-formation processes. Learn about the differences between Stratum 1 and Stratum 2 affixes in terms of generality and semantic coherence.