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What is the main purpose of assigning values to characteristics of objects or subjects in quantitative measurement?
What is the main purpose of assigning values to characteristics of objects or subjects in quantitative measurement?
Constructs are measured directly in measurement models.
Constructs are measured directly in measurement models.
False
______ is a conceptual term used to describe theoretical phenomena.
______ is a conceptual term used to describe theoretical phenomena.
Construct
What does content validity assess before data collection?
What does content validity assess before data collection?
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Match the components of market orientation with their descriptions:
Match the components of market orientation with their descriptions:
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What do constructs represent in social sciences, including management?
What do constructs represent in social sciences, including management?
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How are characteristics of objects or subjects in quantitative measurement assigned values?
How are characteristics of objects or subjects in quantitative measurement assigned values?
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Nominal, ordinal, interval, and proportional scales are examples of basic measuring _____.
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and proportional scales are examples of basic measuring _____.
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Match the following terminology with their definitions:
Match the following terminology with their definitions:
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Omission of indicators is problematic in reflective constructs.
Omission of indicators is problematic in reflective constructs.
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Which type of validity ensures that a measurement scale is consistent with the definition of the concept being measured?
Which type of validity ensures that a measurement scale is consistent with the definition of the concept being measured?
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Study Notes
Concepts in Business Science
- A theory gives a clear explanation of individual concepts, playing a central role in management research.
- Concepts represent generalized abstractions, providing a general idea associated with an understanding of certain concepts.
- Concepts are hypothetical, meaning they are only descriptions and ideas of reality that exist only in the minds of people and researchers.
Quantitative Measurement
- Quantitative measurement involves assigning values (numbers) to characteristics of objects or subjects of measurement according to certain rules.
- The value determines different levels of characteristics of individual measurement subjects, objects, or events, or sometimes if the subject or object has a specific characteristic.
- In social sciences, many characteristics are not directly measurable (they are purely theoretical concepts).
Basic Measuring Scales
- Nominal scale
- Ordinal scale
- Interval scale
- Proportional scale
Example: Measuring Satisfaction
- Measuring satisfaction can involve one or more questions using a Likert scale with several questions, such as:
- I'm pleased to visit this hotel.
- Visiting this hotel exceeded my expectations.
- I will recommend this hotel to my friends and acquaintances.
Terminology
- Construct: a conceptual term used to describe theoretical phenomena (concepts).
- Constructs can be simple (have one dimension) or assembled (have several components or dimensions).
- In measurement models, constructs are latent variables (usually several) and are not measured directly.
- Indicators (variables, items) are observed scores (usually quantified) and represent manifest variables, which are measured directly.
Characteristics of Reflective Constructs
- Constructs affect indicators.
- Indicators of the same construct should be as interconnected as possible.
- Indicators of different constructs should not be related to each other.
- Omission of indicators is not problematic, and indicators may be excluded.
A Good Measurement Scale
- Valid: measures what is consistent with the definition of the concept.
- Reliable: consistent with repeated measurements and internally consistent.
- Generalizable: can be used repeatedly for similar concepts.
- Parsimonious: shorter and simpler measuring scales are preferred.
Content Validity
- Assessed before data collection, with a prerequisite of a good literature review.
- Represents the level to which items measure what we want to measure.
- The various items of the scale cover all aspects of the characteristic we want to measure.
- Each item has a logical relationship with the concept we measure.
Convergent Validity
- Tested on test or final sample data.
- Measures the relationships (level of correlation) between items that represent the same construct.
- Items that are related from the point of view of the theory should also be related in practice.
- Methods for assessing convergent validity include Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Discriminant Validity
- Tested on test or final sample data.
- Measures the relationship (level of correlation) between questions that represent different constructs.
- The relationships between items measuring different constructs must be weaker than the relationships between items measuring the same constructs.
- Methods for verifying discriminant validity include Pearson correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Nomological Validity
- Represents the constructs that are measures and the relationships between constructs.
- The relationships between constructs must be consistent with the theory.
- Nomological validity is tested by hypothesis testing.
Reliability
- Possible reliability testing methods include double testing and internal consistency testing.
- Internal consistency testing involves measuring the internal consistency of a set of items with the same measurement scale using the Cronbach alpha coefficient.
Quantitative Measurement
- Quantitative measurement assigns values (numbers) to characteristics of objects or subjects of measurement according to certain rules.
- The value determines different levels of characteristics of individual measurement subjects, objects, or events, or if the subject or object has a specific characteristic.
Basic Measuring Scales
- Nominal scale
- Ordinal scale
- Interval scale
- Proportional scale
Measurement Definitions
- A concept is a generalized abstraction that represents a general idea associated with an understanding of certain concepts.
- Concepts are hypothetical, meaning they are only descriptions and ideas of reality and exist only in the minds of people and researchers.
- Constructs are conceptual terms used to describe theoretical phenomena (concepts) and can be simple (one-dimensional) or assembled (with several components or dimensions).
Measurement Models
- Constructs are latent variables (not measured directly) and are represented by indicators (variables, items) which are observed scores (usually quantified).
- Indicators represent manifest variables and are measured directly.
Characteristics of Reflective Constructs
- Constructs affect indicators.
- Indicators of the same construct should be as interconnected as possible.
- Indicators of different constructs should not be related to each other.
- Omission of indicators is not problematic, and indicators may be excluded.
Good Measurement Scale
- Valid: measures what is consistent with the definition of the concept.
- Reliable: consistent with repeated measurements.
- Generalizable: can be used repeatedly for similar concepts.
- Parsimonious: shorter and simpler measuring scales are preferred.
Content Validity
- Assessed before data collection.
- Prerequisite: good literature review.
- Represents the level to which items measure what we want to measure.
- Items should cover all aspects of the characteristic we want to measure.
- Each item has a logical relationship with the concept we measure.
Convergent Validity
- Tested on test or final sample data.
- Measures the relationships (level of correlation) between items that represent the same construct.
- Items measuring the same constructs must be strongly interrelated.
- Methods for assessing convergent validity: Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Discriminant Validity
- Tested on test or final sample data.
- Measures the relationship (level of correlation) between questions that represent different constructs.
- The relationships between items measuring different constructs must be weaker than the relationships between items measuring the same constructs.
- Methods for verifying discriminant validity: Pearson correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Nomological Validity
- The nomological network represents the constructs that are measures and the relationships between constructs.
- The relationships between constructs must be consistent with the theory.
- Nomological validity is tested by hypothesis testing.
Reliability
- Possible reliability testing: double testing and internal consistency testing.
- Internal consistency testing: a measure of the internal consistency of a set of items with the same measurement scale, such as Cronbach alpha coefficient.
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Description
This quiz covers concepts in business science, including theory and its role in management research, as well as understanding and applying generalized abstractions.
