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Questions and Answers
How is linear normal strain, represented as ε11, mathematically defined?
How is linear normal strain, represented as ε11, mathematically defined?
- $\frac{PQ - P'Q'}{PQ \partial x1}$
- $\frac{P'Q' - PQ}{PQ \partial u1}$ (correct)
- $\frac{\partial u1}{PQ \partial x1}$
- $\frac{P'Q' - PQ}{PQ \partial x2}$
What is the relationship between shear strain γ12 and the angles θ1 and θ2?
What is the relationship between shear strain γ12 and the angles θ1 and θ2?
- γ12 = θ1/θ2
- γ12 = θ1 - θ2
- γ12 = θ1 + θ2 (correct)
- γ12 = θ1 × θ2
Which equation represents the engineering shear strain γ13 correctly?
Which equation represents the engineering shear strain γ13 correctly?
- $γ_{13} = \frac{\partial u3}{\partial x1} + \frac{\partial u1}{\partial x3}$
- $γ_{13} = \frac{\partial u1}{\partial x3} - \frac{\partial u3}{\partial x1}$
- $γ_{13} = \frac{\partial u1}{\partial x1} + \frac{\partial u3}{\partial x3}$
- $γ_{13} = \frac{\partial u1}{\partial x3} + \frac{\partial u3}{\partial x1}$ (correct)
What can be inferred about the relationship between εij and the components of displacement gradients?
What can be inferred about the relationship between εij and the components of displacement gradients?
In the context of deformation, what does the term 'deformation field' primarily refer to?
In the context of deformation, what does the term 'deformation field' primarily refer to?
What type of strain refers to the change in length of a line segment?
What type of strain refers to the change in length of a line segment?
Which of the following defines shear strain?
Which of the following defines shear strain?
In the displacement field, what does the coordinate Q represent after deformation?
In the displacement field, what does the coordinate Q represent after deformation?
Which mathematical expression is used to calculate the length of the line segment P'Q'?
Which mathematical expression is used to calculate the length of the line segment P'Q'?
What is the primary factor in determining the change in the angle represented by shear strain?
What is the primary factor in determining the change in the angle represented by shear strain?
How is the displacement field represented mathematically for a point P after deformation?
How is the displacement field represented mathematically for a point P after deformation?
In the context of the deformation field, what does the second term of the formula involving $ rac{∂u1}{∂x1}$ represent?
In the context of the deformation field, what does the second term of the formula involving $ rac{∂u1}{∂x1}$ represent?
Which expression approximates the change in length in the deformation field, ignoring higher-order terms?
Which expression approximates the change in length in the deformation field, ignoring higher-order terms?
Which statement about linear and nonlinear deformation is most accurate?
Which statement about linear and nonlinear deformation is most accurate?
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Study Notes
Strain
- Strain is a measure of deformation.
- Normal strain is the change in length of a line segment.
- Shear strain is the change in angle between two perpendicular line segments.
- The displacement of a point P is represented by (u1, u2, u3).
- The displacement of points Q and R can be calculated based on the partial derivatives of the displacement field.
Displacement Field
- The coordinates of points P, Q, and R before and after deformation can be expressed as follows.
- P: (x1, x2, x3)
- Q: (x1 + ∆x1, x2, x3)
- R: (x1, x1 + ∆x2, x3)
- P': (x1 + u1P, x2 + u2P, x3 + u3P) = (x1 + u1, x2 + u2, x3 + u3)
- Q': (x1 + ∆x1 + u1Q, x2 + u2Q, x3 + u3Q)
- R': (x1 + u1R, x2 + ∆x2 + u2R, x3 + u3R)
Deformation Field
- The length of the line segment P'Q' can be found by:
- P′Q′ = √(x1P′−x1Q′)^2 + (x2P′−x2Q′)^2 + (x3P′−x3Q′)^2
- The length of the line segment P'Q' can be expressed as:
- P′Q′ = ∆x1√(1 + (∂u1/∂x1))^2 + (∂u2/∂x1)^2 + (∂u3/∂x1)^2
- P′Q′ ≈ ∆x1(1 + (∂u1/∂x1)/2) if the displacement gradients are small.
- Linear normal strain is defined as:
- ε11 = (P′Q′ - PQ)/PQ = ∂u1/∂x1
- ε22 = ∂u2/∂x2
- ε33 = ∂u3/∂x3
- Shear strain (γxy) is the change in angle between two lines originally parallel to the x and y axes.
- γ12 = (x2Q′ - x2QP’)/ ∆x1 + (x1R′ - x1RP’)/ ∆x2 = ∂u1/∂x2 + ∂u2/∂x1
- γ23 = ∂u2/∂x3 + ∂u3/∂x2
- γ13 = ∂u3/∂x1 + ∂u1/∂x3
- Different notations exist for shear strains, often related to the components of the strain tensor.
Strain Tensor
- The strain tensor can be used to represent both normal and shear strains.
- The strain tensor is a symmetric tensor, meaning εij = εji.
- Engineering shear strain is often represented as γij = 2εij.
- The strain tensor components can be calculated as follows:
- εij = (1/2)(∂ui/∂xj + ∂uj/∂xi)
- ε = (1/2)(∇u + ∇u^T)
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