Storage Lipids and Reactions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of molecules are waxes primarily composed of?

  • Esters of fatty acids and alcohols (correct)
  • Phospholipids and steroids
  • Triglycerides and fatty acids
  • Glycerol and amino acids

    • What is a key characteristic of the fatty acids found in most waxes?

  • They are aromatic compounds
  • They are usually saturated (correct)
  • They contain a high number of double bonds
  • They are usually polyunsaturated

    • Which type of lipids are considered the major component of animal biological membranes?

  • Triglycerides
  • Waxes
  • Glycerophospholipids (correct)
  • Fatty acyl chains

    • What aspect of glycerophospholipids makes them amphipilic molecules?

    <p>They contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about waxes is incorrect?

    <p>Waxes are highly soluble in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thromboxanes?

    <p>Promoting blood clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature is common to all steroids?

    <p>Four fused rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cholesterol contribute to the plasma membrane of animal cells?

    <p>By regulating the fluidity of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs can affect the action of eicosanoids?

    <p>Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the amphipathic nature of cholesterol?

    <p>It helps cholesterol incorporate into membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the basic building blocks of terpenes?

    <p>Isoprene units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary precursor of all animal steroids?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of thromboxanes in the body?

    <p>Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary lipid component found in chloroplasts of plant cells?

    <p>Galactolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid functions as a paracrine hormone?

    <p>Eicosanoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main mediators of eicosanoids?

    <p>Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of eicosanoids?

    <p>Inflammation and pain regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical structure characteristic of Prostaglandins?

    <p>A 5-Carbon ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which fatty acid are eicosanoids derived?

    <p>Arachidonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukotrienes are primarily produced by which type of cells?

    <p>Immunocompetent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT associated with eicosanoids?

    <p>Protein catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid types is classified under signalling lipids?

    <p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galactolipids are synonymous with which term?

    <p>Sulfolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are triacylglycerols commonly known as?

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is esterified to three fatty acid residues in triacylglycerols?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of triacylglycerols in animals?

    <p>To serve as energy stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when unsaturated fatty acids are converted to saturated fatty acids using hydrogen gas?

    <p>Hydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction involves the formation of soap from fats or oils?

    <p>Saponification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipid are triacylglycerols categorized as?

    <p>Storage lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the hydrolysis reaction of fats or oils in saponification?

    <p>Surfactant (soap)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In industrial processing, what is typically used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of oils?

    <p>Platinum or Palladium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do glycerophospholipids primarily have as their parent compound?

    <p>Phosphatidic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the nature of glycerophospholipids?

    <p>Amphipilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is NOT a derivative of phosphatidic acid?

    <p>Palmitic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is categorized under sphingolipids?

    <p>Sphingosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the polar 'head' groups in glycerophospholipids?

    <p>Act as anchors in membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'amphipilic'?

    <p>Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the component that distinguishes sphingolipids from glycerophospholipids.

    <p>Sphingosine backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glycerophospholipid is derived from choline?

    <p>Phosphatidylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Storage Lipids

    • Triacylglycerols are also known as triglycerides or fats.
    • They are the most abundant class of lipids and serve as energy stores in animals, specifically in adipocytes.
    • Triacylglycerols consist of a glycerol molecule esterified to three fatty acid residues.
    • There are two types: simple triacylglycerols (all three fatty acids are the same) and mixed triacylglycerols (at least two different fatty acids).

    Reactions of Triacylglycerols

    • Hydrogenation:
      • The reduction of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids to convert them into solid, saturated fatty acids.
      • This process uses hydrogen gas and a catalyst (Pt or Pd).
    • Saponification:
      • The process of making soap from fats or oils.
      • It involves reacting fats or oils with a base to form a surfactant (soap) in a hydrolysis reaction.

    Waxes

    • Esters of fatty acids and alcohols.
    • The fatty acids in waxes are usually saturated.
    • The alcohols in waxes can be saturated or unsaturated.
    • Waxes are highly insoluble in water.
    • Examples:
      • Lanolin (used as a base for pharmaceutical products)
      • Carnauba wax (used as floor and automobile wax)

    Structural Lipids

    • Major component of cell membranes.
    • Two types:
      • Phospholipids
      • Glycolipids

    Phospholipids

    • Glycerophospholipids:
      • Also called phosphoglycerides.
      • The major lipid component of animal biological membranes.
      • Amphiphilic molecules (contains both polar and nonpolar parts).
      • Have glycerol as their backbone.
      • Most glycerophospholipids have phosphatidic acid as the parent compound.
    • Derivatives of Phosphatidic Acid:
      • Phosphatidylcholine:
        • X = choline
      • Phosphatidylethanolamine:
        • X = ethylamine
      • Phosphatidylserine:
        • X = serine
      • Phosphatidylinositol:
        • X = myo-inositol
    • Sphingolipids:
      • Class of lipids usually found in biological membranes.
      • Have sphingosine as their backbone.

    Glycolipids

    • Galactolipids:
      • Also called sulfolipids
      • The major lipid component of plant cell membranes.
      • Makes up approximately 70-80% of plant lipids in chloroplasts.
    • Gangliosides:
      • Found in animal cell membranes, particularly nerve cells.

    Signaling Lipids

    • Eicosanoids:
      • Paracrine hormones derived from arachidonic acid (a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid).
      • Classified into three types:
        • Prostaglandins
        • Thromboxanes
        • Leukotrienes
      • Mediators of:
        • Inflammation
        • Fever and pain
        • Progression or termination of pregnancy
        • Regulation of blood pressure
        • Menstruation
    • Steroids:
      • A large, terpene-based class of lipids.
      • All steroids have a common structural motif consisting of four rings fused together.
      • The most common steroid and precursor of all animal steroids is cholesterol.
      • Cholesterol is an important component of animal cell plasma membranes and regulates the fluidity of the membrane.

    Cholesterol

    • Synthesis:
      • Synthesized by all animal cells from Acetyl-CoA.
    • Function:
      • Important component of animal cell plasma membranes.
      • Regulates the fluidity of the membrane.

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    Crop Handout LEC 4 Lipids Structure and Function PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on storage lipids, specifically triacylglycerols, and their reactions such as hydrogenation and saponification. This quiz covers various aspects including the structure of triacylglycerols and the characteristics of waxes. Perfect for students studying biochemistry or nutrition.

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