Stoichiometry Conversions

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Questions and Answers

In stoichiometry, what must be identified to convert moles of substance A to moles of substance B?

  • The molar mass of substance A
  • The density of substance B
  • The mole ratio between A and B (correct)
  • The limiting reactant

How many steps are required to convert grams of substance A to grams of substance B?

  • Four steps
  • One step
  • Two steps
  • Three steps (correct)

In the reaction 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3, if 6.8 moles of SO2 react, how many moles of SO3 are produced?

  • 13.6 moles
  • 6.8 moles (correct)
  • 2.27 moles
  • 3.4 moles

For the reaction C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, how many moles of oxygen gas (O2) are required to react completely with 1 mole of propane (C3H8)?

<p>5 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of CO2, given the molar mass of C is 12.01 g/mol and O is 16.00 g/mol?

<p>44.01 g/mol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in converting grams of propane to moles of water?

<p>Convert grams of propane to moles of propane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, what is the mole ratio between Al and AlCl3?

<p>1:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 9.4 moles of SO2 react, how many moles of O2 are required?

<p>4.7 moles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given 5.6 moles of propane (C3H8), how many grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) will be produced?

<p>739.37 g CO2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 76 grams of water (H2O) are produced, how many moles of carbon dioxide (CO2) are also produced?

<p>3.17 moles CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of chlorine gas (Cl2) are required to react completely with 85.6 grams of aluminum (Al)?

<p>225.34 g Cl2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 50 grams of propane (C3H8) react with excess oxygen, how many moles of water (H2O) are produced?

<p>4.53 moles H2O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, if you start with 100 grams of Al and excess Cl2, what is the theoretical yield of AlCl3 in grams?

<p>494.17 g AlCl3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mass of oxygen is required for the complete combustion of 15g of Propane?

<p>68.2 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, determine the limiting reactant if 22.0 g of C3H8 is reacted with 22.0 g of O2.

<p>O2 is the limiting reactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A reaction produces 50.0 grams of AlCl3. If the percent yield of the reaction is 75.0%, what was the theoretical yield of AlCl3?

<p>66.7 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of SO3 can be produced from 100.0 g of SO2 and 20.0 g of O2 if the percentage yield of the reaction is 80.0%?

<p>68.6 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, starting with 50 grams of C3H8 and 50 grams of O2, what mass of water can be produced?

<p>25.5 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the reaction 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, if 54.0 g of Al reacts with 85.0 g of Cl2, which reactant is limiting and what mass of AlCl3 will be produced?

<p>Cl2 is limiting; 107 g AlCl3 produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of chlorine gas required for the complete reaction of 1.0 gram of Aluminium?

<p>3.94g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 15.0 g of SO2 reacts with 2.3 g of O2, will all the SO2 react?

<p>No, some SO2 will be left over (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many moles of aluminum chloride would be produced from 5g of aluminium and 7g of chlorine gas?

<p>0.070 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 25.0g of Al reacts with 75.0g of $Cl_2$ theoretically what mass of $AlCl_3$ will be formed?

<p>84.3g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ratio is used to convert 38 grams of water to moles of carbon dioxide in the reaction involving propane and oxygen gas?

<p>1 mole H2O / 18.016 g H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3, how many moles of oxygen gas are needed to fully react with 4.7 moles of sulfur dioxide?

<p>2.35 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amount of grams of oxygen gas that reacts with 3.8 moles of propane?

<p>608 g O2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using stoichiometry in chemical reactions?

<p>To calculate the quantities of reactants and products involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor in converting between moles of substance A and substance B?

<p>The mole ratio from the balanced equation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction, 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, if 35 grams of Aluminum completely react, which calculation determines the grams of Aluminum Chloride?

<p>35 g Al * (1 mole Al / 26.98 g Al) * (2 moles AlCl3 / 2 moles Al) * (133.33 g AlCl3 / 1 mole AlCl3) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of propane, given the molar mass of C is 12.01 g/mol and H is 1.008 g/mol?

<p>44.094 g/mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to balance chemical equations before performing stoichiometric calculations?

<p>To comply with the law of conservation of mass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stoichiometric conversion requires the determination of molar mass as one of the steps?

<p>Grams of A to moles of B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3, what does the coefficient '2' in front of SO2 and SO3 represent?

<p>The number of moles of SO2 and SO3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stoichiometry, which conversion involves two steps?

<p>Moles of A to grams of B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a balanced equation for the reaction between propane and oxygen, C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, what does the number '5' signify?

<p>The moles of oxygen molecules required (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many steps are required to convert grams of propane to moles of water?

<p>Two steps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, what quantity of chlorine gas is needed to react completely with 42.8 g of aluminum?

<p>168.75 g Cl2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the molar mass of AlCl3 is 133.33 g/mol, how many grams of aluminum chloride can be produced from 35 g of Al?

<p>172.96 g AlCl3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conversion requires only a single step in stoichiometric calculations?

<p>Moles of substance A to moles of substance B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the last step in converting grams of substance A to grams of substance B?

<p>Convert moles of B to grams of B using the molar mass of B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting from moles of a substance to grams of a different substance, what additional information is needed besides the mole ratio?

<p>The molar mass of the target substance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, what is the mole ratio of SO2 to SO3?

<p>1:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if you have 5.6 moles of C3H8, how many moles of CO2 will be produced?

<p>16.8 moles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of water (H2O)?

<p>18.02 g/mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if 44.094 grams of propane is reacted, how many moles of water are produced?

<p>4 moles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many steps are required to convert moles of a substance to grams of a different substance?

<p>Two steps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 38 grams of H2O are produced from the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, how many moles of $O_2$ were required?

<p>2.64 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the reaction C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O, if you start with 100 grams of $O_2$, what is the theoretical yield of $CO_2$?

<p>20.6 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stoichiometry, what is the first step when converting grams of reactant A to grams of product B?

<p>Convert grams of A to moles of A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is required to determine the mass of product formed from a given mass of reactant using stoichiometry?

<p>The balanced chemical equation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, if you have 128 grams of SO2, what is the theoretical yield of SO3 in grams?

<p>160 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, how many grams of oxygen are needed to react completely with 11 grams of propane?

<p>40 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, if 10 grams of Al reacts with excess Cl2, how many grams of AlCl3 will be produced?

<p>49.3 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if 5 moles of $O_2$ reacts, how many grams of $CO_2$ is produced?

<p>132 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, how many grams of $O_2$ are needed to react with 1 mole of $SO_2$?

<p>16 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the reaction 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, if 27 grams of Al reacts with excess Cl2, what mass of AlCl3 will be formed?

<p>133 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 96 grams of $O_2$ react, how many grams of $H_2O$ will be formed in the reaction: C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O?

<p>43.2 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, what mass of propane is needed to produce 72 grams of water?

<p>22 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the reaction 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, you have 54 grams of Al and excess Cl2. After the reaction, you collect 200 grams of AlCl3. What is the percent yield of the reaction?

<p>75% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have 100 grams of C3H8 reacting with 100 grams of O2, can you determine the limiting reactant by only using the mass and the molar mass of the reactants?

<p>No (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the reaction: C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O. If 2 moles of propane and 8 moles of oxygen react, which is the limiting reactant?

<p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If water has a molar mass of 18g/mole, and carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44g/mole, if you have 90g of water, how many grams of carbon dioxide were also formed?

<p>165 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, determine the number of grams of $AlCl_3$ produced if 100 grams of Al reacts with 100 grams of $Cl_2$.

<p>Approximately 222 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, if 2 moles of SO2 and 2 moles of O2 are allowed to react, what is the limiting reactant?

<p>SO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stoichiometry is based on which fundamental law?

<p>Law of Conservation of Mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if the reaction starts with 200 grams of $C_3H_8$ and excess $O_2$, what is the theoretical yield of $CO_2$, assuming the reaction goes to completion?

<p>600 grams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You perform a reaction and calculate that the theoretical yield of your product should be 25.0 grams. When you perform the experiment, you only isolate 15.0 grams of product. What is your percent yield?

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, if you are given the mass of SO2 and O2, what additional information do you need to calculate the mass of SO3 produced?

<p>The molar masses of SO2, O2, and SO3. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the reaction: C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O. If the reaction is performed in a closed container, and you measure an increase in pressure, what is the most likely cause?

<p>The reaction produced more gaseous molecules than it consumed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3, if 1g of $Al$ reacts, what is the minimum mass of $Cl_2$ must react for all of the Aluminum to be fully consumed?

<p>3.95 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the actual yield of a reaction is consistently less than the theoretical yield, what could be a likely explanation?

<p>Some product was lost during the reaction or purification process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of oxygen gas required for the complete reaction of 5.0 grams of propane?

<p>81.8 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does changing environmental factors like temperature affect the overall yield of stoichiometric calculations?

<p>Yes, when gases form as products or reactants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, the ratio of $O_2$ to $H_20$ is 5:4, but the mass ratio $O_2$ to $H_20$ is not 5:4, what accounts for the change in mass?

<p>Molecular mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many main types of stoichiometry conversions are typically involved in chemical reactions?

<p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stoichiometric conversion typically involves three steps?

<p>Grams of A to grams of B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the balanced chemical equation, 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3, what is the mole ratio of SO2 to SO3?

<p>2:2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O, what is the mole ratio between propane (C3H8) and carbon dioxide (CO2)?

<p>1:3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two pieces of information are required to perform a mole-to-gram conversion?

<p>Balanced chemical equation and molar mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O. If you start with 2.8 moles of C3H8, how many moles of CO2 will be produced?

<p>8.4 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conversion factor is needed to convert grams of a substance to moles of the same substance?

<p>Molar mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 25 grams of propane (C3H8) react with excess oxygen, how would you calculate the moles of water (H2O) formed?

<p>25 g C3H8 * (1 mole C3H8 / 44.094 g C3H8) * (4 moles H2O / 1 mole C3H8) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the balanced equation 2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3, if you have 42.8 g of Al, what is the correct setup to find the grams of $Cl_2$ required to react completely?

<p>$42.8 \text{ g Al} * (\frac{1 \text{ mole Al}}{26.98 \text{ g Al}}) * (\frac{3 \text{ moles }Cl_2}{2 \text{ moles Al}}) * (\frac{70.9 \text{ g }Cl_2}{1 \text{ mole }Cl_2})$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in a gram-to-gram stoichiometric conversion?

<p>Convert moles of B to grams of B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the balanced equation: C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O, if 38 grams of water (H2O) are produced, what is the correct setup to calculate the moles of $CO_2$ produced?

<p>$38 \text{ g }H_2O * (\frac{1 \text{ mole }H_2O}{18.016 \text{ g }H_2O}) * (\frac{3 \text{ moles }CO_2}{4 \text{ moles }H_2O})$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of balancing chemical equations in stoichiometry?

<p>To ensure the number of atoms is the same on both sides of the equation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3, if you begin with 3.4 moles of SO2, how many moles of SO3 can be produced?

<p>3.4 moles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O, how many moles of oxygen gas are required to completely react with 3.8 moles of propane?

<p>19.0 moles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many steps are typically involved in converting moles of one substance to grams of another substance?

<p>Two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of oxygen gas ($O_2$)?

<p>32.00 g/mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be known to convert from moles of substance A to moles of substance B?

<p>The mole ratio between substance A and substance B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conversion involves only one step?

<p>Moles of A to moles of B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the reaction 2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3, if you have 35 grams of aluminum, what is the correct sequence to convert to grams of aluminum chloride?

<p>Grams Al -&gt; Moles Al -&gt; Moles AlCl3 -&gt; Grams AlCl3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O, how many grams of $O_2$ are needed to react completely with 3.8 moles of propane?

<p>608 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3, if 3 moles of $O_2$ are available to fully react, what is the mass of $SO_2$ in grams needed for this?

<p>384 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following requires the use of molar mass in stoichiometric calculations?

<p>Mole-to-gram conversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction 2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3 if you have 4 moles of Al, what is the amount of moles for $Cl_2$ needed?

<p>6 moles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conversion factor is used to directly convert moles of one substance to moles of another in a chemical reaction?

<p>Mole ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are given grams of substance A and asked to find grams of substance B. What must you do first?

<p>Convert grams of A to moles of A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the balanced equation C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O. If 22.0 g of $C_3H_8$ fully reacts, what is the amount of grams for $O_2$ needed for a complete reaction?

<p>80 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of chlorine ($Cl_2$) are needed to react completely with 2 moles of aluminum (Al) in the reaction 2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3?

<p>212.7 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You need to determine the mass of product formed from 10.0 grams of reactant with a known molar mass reacting with another reactant with a known molar mass. Which piece of the puzzle is most important in determining the mass of the product?

<p>The mole ratio between the reactants and products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3, if 50 grams of Al reacts, can you calculate the mass of $AlCl_3$ formed without knowing the amount of $Cl_2$?

<p>Yes, because $Cl_2$ is in excess (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3, you know the moles of $SO_2$, and you can calculate the moles of $O_2$ required. Can you determine the mass of $SO_3$ formed without any additional information?

<p>Not without knowing the molar mass of $SO_3$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O, which step must be performed before using the mole ratio to determine the amount of product formed when starting with grams of $C_3H_8$?

<p>Converting grams of $C_3H_8$ to moles of $C_3H_8$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The balanced equation for a reaction is 2A + B -> 2C. If the molar mass of A is 20 g/mol and the molar mass of C is 30 g/mol, and you start with 10 grams of A, how many grams of C can be produced, assuming B is in excess?

<p>15 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O. If you react 1 mole of $C_3H_8$ and excess $O_2$ how many grams of $CO_2$ is produced?

<p>132g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that the molar mass of $C_3H_8$ is 44 g/mol and that of $O_2$ is 32 g/mol, consider the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O. If you start with equal masses of both reactants (e.g., 100 g each), which one will run out first, and what's the limiting factor?

<p>$O_2$, because more moles of it are required for the reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3, starting with 64 grams of SO2 and 32 grams of O2, can you theoretically produce more than 80 grams of SO3?

<p>No, oxygen will run out too quickly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 100 grams each of $C_3H_8$ and $O_2$ are reacted according to the equation C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O, and it is observed that the reaction produces significantly less $CO_2$ than theoretically expected based on the amount of $C_3H_8$ initially present, what is the most probable cause?

<p>The reaction is limited by the amount of $O_2$ available (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You want to convert from grams of compound A to grams of compound B. You have the molar mass for compound A and the molar mass for compound B. However, when setting up your equation you divide by the molar mass of A instead of multiply. Which best describes the result of this?

<p>The final answers units won't cancel to grams of B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stoichiometry, what is the correct number of steps required to convert from moles of substance A to grams of substance B?

<p>2 steps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, how many moles of SO3 are produced if 3.4 moles of SO2 react completely?

<p>3.4 moles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, how many grams of oxygen gas are required to react completely with 3.8 moles of propane?

<p>608 grams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if 25 grams of C3H8 reacts with excess oxygen, how many moles of H2O are formed?

<p>2.27 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3, what mass of AlCl3 will be formed if 35 grams of aluminum reacts with excess chlorine?

<p>172.96 grams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 38 grams of water are produced from the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, how many moles of carbon dioxide were also produced?

<p>1.58 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Starting with grams of substance A and aiming to find grams of substance B, what is the second conversion step in this three-step stoichiometric process?

<p>Moles of A to moles of B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 42.8 grams of aluminum reacts completely in the reaction 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3, what mass of chlorine gas is required?

<p>168.75 grams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stoichiometric problem requires only one conversion step?

<p>Moles of substance A to moles of substance B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the balanced equation C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, what is the ratio of moles of propane to moles of water?

<p>1:4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3, what is the mole ratio between chlorine gas and aluminum chloride?

<p>3:2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if you have 2.8 moles of propane, how many moles of carbon dioxide will be produced upon complete reaction?

<p>8.4 moles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, how many moles of oxygen are required to react completely with 4.7 moles of SO2?

<p>2.35 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stoichiometry, which conversion requires you to use the molar mass of a substance as a conversion factor?

<p>Grams of A to moles of A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a stoichiometry calculation, when converting from moles of substance A to moles of substance B, which of the following is essential?

<p>The balanced chemical equation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the reaction, 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3, if 54 grams of Al reacts with excess Cl2, what mass of AlCl3 will be formed?

<p>266.66 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, which conversion factor is used to determine the moles of $CO_2$ produced from 25 grams of $C_3H_8$?

<p>$\frac{3 \text{ moles } CO_2}{1 \text{ mole } C_3H_8}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, which conversion factor will you use to convert from moles of $SO_2$ to moles of $SO_3$?

<p>$\frac{2 \text{ mol } SO_3}{2 \text{ mol } SO_2}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if 96 grams of $O_2$ are reacted, how many grams of $H_2O$ will be formed?

<p>43.2 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in performing stoichiometry calculations to convert grams of reactant A to grams of product B?

<p>Balance the chemical equation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting grams of compound A to moles of compound B, what is required after converting grams of A to moles of A but before converting to moles of B?

<p>Mole ratio between compound A and compound B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3, if 100 grams of $Cl_2$ is available, what calculation should be performed to determine the corresponding mass of $AlCl_3$ produced?

<p>Convert grams of $Cl_2$ to moles of $Cl_2$ using its molar mass, then use the mole ratio to find moles of $AlCl_3$, and finally convert to grams of $AlCl_3$. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if you begin with 25 grams of $C_3H_8$, what subsequent steps are required to find the mass of $CO_2$ produced?

<p>Convert grams of $C_3H_8$ to moles of $C_3H_8$, then use the mole ratio to find moles of $CO_2$, and finally calculate the mass of $CO_2$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction: 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3, initially you have 128 grams of $SO_2$, but theoretically you predict only 100 grams of $SO_3$ can be produced. What does this suggest?

<p>Oxygen ($O_2$) is the limiting reactant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stoichiometry, what is the significance of verifying that you have a balanced chemical equation?

<p>To ensure the correct mole ratios are used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the mole ratio important?

<p>It relates the number of moles of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O, if 22 grams of $C_3H_8$ react, what calculation should be performed to determine the required amount of $O_2$?

<p>Converting grams of $C_3H_8$ to moles, using the mole ratio to find moles of $O_2$, then converting to grams of $O_2$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which of these conversions do you require the use of a balanced chemical equation?

<p>Moles of substance A to moles of substance B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 50 grams of propane ($C_3H_8$) and 50 grams of oxygen ($O_2$) are reacted according to the equation C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O, what determines the amount of product formed?

<p>The reactant that is completely consumed first (limiting reactant). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, starting with 64 grams of SO2 and 32 grams of O2, what theoretical mass of SO3 can be produced?

<p>80 grams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which information below is required to directly convert moles of one substance to moles of another in any chemical reaction?

<p>Balanced chemical equation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the reaction C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O. If you have 100 grams of both reactants, can you theoretically produce more grams of $CO_2$ than $H_2O$?

<p>Yes, because there are more moles of $CO_2$ produced than $H_20$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using stoichiometry to calculate the mass of a product formed from the complete reaction of a limiting reactant, what must you assume about reaction conditions?

<p>The reaction proceeds with 100% yield. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are trying to determine the amount of water produced from 1.000 g of Propane in the balanced equation, which one of these errors would cause you to overestimate the amount of water?

<p>Use the molar mass of propane as 40.00 g/mol instead of 44.00 g/mol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What quantity does a 'mole' represent in chemistry?

<p>6.02 x 10^23 items (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is most appropriate when referring to individual units of carbon (C)?

<p>Atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in converting grams of a substance to the number of atoms?

<p>Divide grams by the molar mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules are there in 2 moles of $H_2O$?

<p>1.204 x 10^24 molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have 6 x 10^24 atoms of zinc, how many moles do you have?

<p>10 moles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$)?

<p>180 g/mol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a sample of $NH_3$ has a mass of 68 grams, how many moles of $NH_3$ are present?

<p>4 moles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conversion factor is used to convert ‘number of particles’ to ‘moles’?

<p>Avogadro's number (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance would be appropriately described using the term 'formula units'?

<p>NaCl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams are there in 1.5 moles of neon (Ne)?

<p>30 grams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen atoms are present in 2 moles of methane ($CH_4$)?

<p>8 x 6.02 x 10^23 atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have 18 grams of water ($H_2O$), how many moles of water do you have?

<p>1 mole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chloride ions are present in 3 moles of aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$)?

<p>5.418 x 10^24 ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many steps are required to convert from grams of a compound to the number of atoms of a specific element within that compound?

<p>Three steps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds would you describe using the term 'molecules'?

<p>$H_2$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have 120 grams of neon (Ne), how many moles do you have?

<p>6 moles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have a sample containing $3.01 \times 10^{24}$ molecules of a substance. How many moles of the substance do you have?

<p>5 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are needed to have 0.5 moles?

<p>20 grams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between moles, molar mass, and mass?

<p>Moles = Mass / Molar Mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many moles are there in $1.204 \times 10^{24}$ formula units of magnesium oxide (MgO)?

<p>2 moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of 5 moles of argon (Ar)?

<p>200 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a sample contains $2.408 \times 10^{24}$ atoms of hydrogen, how many moles of hydrogen are present?

<p>4 moles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct setup to convert 36 grams of water ($H_2O$) to moles?

<p><code>36 g H2O * (1 mol H2O / 18 g H2O)</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many moles of aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$) contain $1.806 \times 10^{24}$ chloride ions?

<p>1 mole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of a sample of carbon that contains $3.01 \times 10^{23}$ atoms?

<p>6 grams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A compound has a molar mass of 60 g/mol. If a sample of this compound has a mass of 15 grams, how many moles are present?

<p>0.25 moles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you have a mixture containing 0.5 moles of NaCl and 0.25 moles of $MgCl_2$, how many moles of chloride ions are present in the entire mixture?

<p>1.0 mole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of $3.01 \times 10^{24}$ molecules of $H_2O$?

<p>90 grams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have two containers. Container A contains $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ atoms of iron (Fe), and Container B contains $3.01 \times 10^{23}$ molecules of $O_2$. Which container has the greater mass, and why?

<p>Container A, because iron has a higher molar mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Avogadro's number ($6.022 \times 10^{23}$) is defined as:

<p>The number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You need to prepare a solution containing 0.25 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl). If you only have a scale that measures to the nearest gram, what approximate mass of NaCl should you weigh out?

<p>Approximately 15 grams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two students are asked to determine the number of moles in a 10.0 gram sample of water ($H_2O$). Student A uses a molar mass of 18.0 g/mol, while Student B mistakenly uses 1.0 g/mol (thinking of hydrogen). What is the approximate difference in their calculated number of moles?

<p>Approximately 9.0 moles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A chemist performs an experiment where they combine 1 mole of hydrogen atoms (H) and 1 mole of oxygen atoms (O). Theoretically, could this reaction create enough water to be visible to the human eye?

<p>No, this produces only a tiny amount of water, far below what is needed to be visible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have $1.0 \times 10^{-3}$ moles of a substance. Which of the following represents the correct number of particles (atoms, molecules, or formula units) present?

<p>$6.022 \times 10^{20}$ particles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of moles in 5.6 L of gaseous oxygen at STP?

<p>0.25 moles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general relationship between the molar mass (MM) of a substance, its mass (m), and the number of moles (n)?

<p>m = n * MM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many moles of carbon are present in 3 moles of $C_6H_{12}O_6$?

<p>18 moles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 10 grams of hydrogen gas (H2) reacts completely with another element, how can you determine the number of molecules created?

<p>Perform a stoichiometric conversion to calculate the number of Moles then multiply Avogadro's Number with the amount of Moles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which value is most correct about the units for Molar Mass?

<p>g/mol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have a sample of copper (Cu). If you double the number of moles of copper, what happens to the number of atoms of copper?

<p>The number of atoms doubles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student calculates the molar mass of a compound to be 50 g/mol. However, the true molar mass is 100 g/mol. If the student uses this incorrect molar mass to convert 200 grams of the compound to moles, will their calculated number of moles be higher or lower than the true number of moles?

<p>Higher, because they are dividing by a smaller number. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have two sealed containers, both at the same temperature and pressure. Container A contains 1 mole of helium (He), and Container B contains 1 mole of argon (Ar). Which of the following statements is true?

<p>Both containers have the same number of atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A chemist is trying to determine the molar mass of a new compound. They dissolve 1.00 gram of the compound in water and measure the freezing point depression. Which additional piece of information is MOST crucial for them to accurately calculate the molar mass using this method?

<p>The freezing point depression constant of water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of solution stoichiometry?

<p>To determine the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct step to determine the volume of silver nitrate solution required to react completely with a given volume of sodium chloride solution?

<p>Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to convert moles of $NaCl$ to moles of $AgNO_3$. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reaction between lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide, what is the mole ratio used to convert moles of potassium iodide to moles of lead(II) nitrate?

<p>2 moles $KI$ : 1 mole $Pb(NO_3)_2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining the mass of magnesium hydroxide produced from a magnesium nitrate solution reacting with excess sodium hydroxide, what indicates that magnesium nitrate is the limiting reactant?

<p>Sodium hydroxide is present in excess. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reaction between sodium phosphate and calcium chloride, how do you determine the limiting reactant?

<p>By calculating the mass of calcium phosphate produced from each reactant and identifying which produces less. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $M_1V_1 = M_2V_2$ is used to solve solution stoichiometry problems, what does $M$ represent?

<p>Molarity of the solution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to balance the chemical equation before performing solution stoichiometry calculations?

<p>To accurately determine the mole ratio between reactants and products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction $Mg(NO_3)_2 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Mg(OH)_2 + 2NaNO_3$, if you are given the volume and molarity of $Mg(NO_3)_2$, what is the next step to finding the mass of $Mg(OH)_2$ produced?

<p>Use the mole ratio to find moles of $Mg(OH)_2$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a limiting reactant problem, once you've calculated the mass of product formed by each reactant, what does the reactant that produces the least amount of product indicate?

<p>It is the limiting reactant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using the modified equation $1 * M_1V_1 = 2 * M_2V_2$ to determine an unknown concentration, what do the coefficients '1' and '2' represent?

<p>The coefficients from the balanced chemical equation, exchanged and placed on the opposite side of the equation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stoichiometry

Relates amounts of substances in a chemical reaction.

Mole-to-Mole Conversion

Using mole ratios from balanced equations to convert between moles of different substances.

Mole-to-Gram Conversion

Involves converting moles of one substance to grams of another using the mole ratio and molar mass.

Gram-to-Mole Conversion

Use molar mass to convert grams to moles, then the mole ratio to find moles of another substance.

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Gram-to-Gram Conversion

Convert grams to moles, use the mole ratio, then convert moles back to grams.

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Balancing equation

Ensures the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

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Mole Ratio

The ratio of moles between two substances in a balanced chemical equation.

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Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

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Chemical Equation

A representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and coefficients.

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SO2 and O2 Reaction

A reaction where sulfur dioxide (SO2) combines with oxygen gas (O2) to produce sulfur trioxide (SO3).

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Moles of SO2 to SO3

If 3.4 moles of SO2 react, then 3.4 moles of SO3 are formed.

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Moles of O2 reacting with SO2

To find moles of O2 reacting with 4.7 moles of SO2: 4. 7 moles SO2 * (1 mole O2 / 2 moles SO2) = 2.35 moles O2.

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Propane and Oxygen Reaction

A reaction where propane (C3H8) combines with oxygen gas (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

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Moles C3H8 to Grams CO2

First, convert moles of propane to moles of carbon dioxide (1:3). Second, convert moles of carbon dioxide to grams.

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Moles of Propane to Grams of O2

First, convert moles of propane to moles of oxygen (1:5). Second, convert moles of oxygen to grams.

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Grams of C3H8 to Moles of H2O

First, convert grams of propane to moles. Second, convert moles of propane to moles of water (1:4).

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Grams of H2O to Moles of CO2

First, convert grams of water to moles. Second, convert moles of water to moles of carbon dioxide (4:3).

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Aluminum and Chlorine Reaction

Reaction where aluminum (Al) reacts with chlorine gas (Cl2) to form aluminum chloride (AlCl3).

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Grams Al to Grams AlCl3

First, convert grams of aluminum to moles. Second, convert moles of aluminum to moles of aluminum chloride (2:2). Third, convert moles of aluminum chloride to grams.

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Grams of Cl2 Reacting with Al

Convert grams Al to moles, use the mole ratio (2:3) to find moles Cl2, then convert to grams Cl2.

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Grams of A to Grams of B

Conversion from the amount of one substance to another, expressed in grams.

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Moles of A to Moles of B

Requires the mole ratio between the two substances, derived from the balanced chemical equation.

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Moles of A to Grams of B

Convert moles of substance A to moles of B using the mole ratio, then convert moles of B to grams of B using the molar mass of B.

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SO2 to SO3 Mole Conversion

Moles of SO2 equals moles of SO3. Given 3.4 moles of SO2, moles of SO3 is 3.4.

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Molar Mass of CO2

The molar mass of CO2 is approximately 44.01 g/mol

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Molar Mass of O2

The molar mass of O2 is approximately 32 g/mol.

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Calculate Molar Mass

Find the total mass of all the atoms in the formula.

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Charges of Al and Cl ions

A +3 charge for Aluminum and -1 charge for Chlorine

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Molar Mass of AlCl3

Molar mass is 26.98 + (3 * 35.45) = 133.33 g/mol.

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Molar mass of Al

Conversion factor from grams to moles, relevant element's atomic mass.

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One-Step Conversion

A conversion involving a single step, utilizing the mole ratio from the balanced equation.

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Two-Step Conversion

Conversions involving two steps, converting moles to grams or vice versa, using molar mass and mole ratios.

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Three-Step Conversion

Involves three steps: converting grams to moles, using a mole ratio, and then converting back to grams.

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Grams Cl2 with 42.8 g Al

Number of grams of Cl2 that reacts completely with 42.8 grams of Al: 168.75 grams.

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What is a mole?

A unit of measurement representing 6.02 x 10^23 items (atoms, molecules, etc.).

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What is Avogadro's number?

Approximately 6.02 x 10^23, it's the number of entities in one mole of a substance.

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How to convert moles to particles?

Multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number.

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When do we use 'atoms'?

Use this term for single elements (C, Zn, Ne)

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When do we use 'molecules'?

Use this term for multi-atom particles (H2O, C6H6)

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When do we use 'formula units'?

Use this term for ionic compounds (NaCl, MgO)

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Converting Moles of Compound to Molecules?

Multiply moles of compound by Avogadro's number.

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Finding atoms of an element in a compound?

Multiply the number of molecules by the number of atoms of that element in the compound.

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Converting moles of ionic compounds to formula units?

Convert moles to formula units using Avogadro's number.

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Converting from particles to moles?

Divide the number of particles by Avogadro's number.

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What is molar mass?

The mass of one mole of a substance (g/mol).

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How to calculate molar mass?

Sum the atomic masses of all atoms in the compound.

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Converting grams to moles?

Divide the mass by the molar mass.

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Converting moles to grams?

Multiply the number of moles by the molar mass.

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Converting grams to atoms?

Grams -> Moles -> Atoms (using molar mass and Avogadro's number).

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Converting atoms to grams?

Atoms -> Moles -> Grams (using Avogadro's number and molar mass).

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Solution Stoichiometry

Deals with the quantitative relationships of reactants and products in chemical reactions when they are in solution.

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Double Replacement Reaction

A chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the positive ions (cations) and the negative ions (anions) of the two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds.

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Limiting Reactant

The reactant that determines the amount of product formed in a chemical reaction. It is completely consumed during the reaction.

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Theoretical Yield

The maximum amount of product that can be formed from a given amount of limiting reactant.

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Excess Reactant

The reactant present in an amount greater than necessary to react completely with the limiting reactant.

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Study Notes

Stoichiometry Conversions

  • Stoichiometry involves three main types of conversions for chemical reactions.
  • These conversions relate the amounts of different substances involved in a reaction.

Types of Conversions

  • Moles of substance A to moles of substance B requires identifying the mole ratio, and involves one step.
  • Moles of substance A to grams of substance B, or grams of substance A to moles of substance B, is a two-step process.
  • Grams of substance A to grams of substance B is a three-step process.

Types of Stoichiometry Problems

  • Moles of substance A to moles of substance B requires identifying the mole ratio.
  • Moles of A to grams of B, or grams of A to moles of B involves two steps.
  • Grams of A to grams of B typically involves three steps.

Moles of A to Moles of B

  • Requires identifying the mole ratio between the two substances, derived from balanced equation coefficients.
  • This conversion is the shortest, involving a single step.
  • Requires a balanced chemical equation to determine the mole ratio.
  • Example: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) reacts with oxygen gas (O2) to form sulfur trioxide (SO3).
  • Balanced equation: 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3
  • To convert moles of one substance to moles of another, use the mole ratio from the balanced equation.
  • To convert from 3.4 moles of SO2 to moles of SO3, use the ratio 2 moles SO2 : 2 moles SO3.
  • Calculation: 3.4 moles SO2 * (2 moles SO3 / 2 moles SO2) = 3.4 moles SO3

Example 1: Sulfur Dioxide and Oxygen Gas Reaction

  • Sulfur dioxide (SO2) reacts with oxygen gas (O2) to form sulfur trioxide (SO3).
  • Balanced chemical equation: 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
  • For every two moles of SO2 that react, two moles of SO3 are produced.

Converting Moles of Sulfur Dioxide to Moles of Sulfur Trioxide

  • Given: 3.4 moles of SO2 react with excess oxygen gas.
  • Mole ratio between SO2 and SO3 is 2:2 (or 1:1).
  • Moles of SO3 formed = 3.4 moles (since the mole ratio is 1:1).
  • Calculation: 3.4 moles SO2 * (2 moles SO3 / 2 moles SO2) = 3.4 moles SO3.

Mole-to-Mole Example 2

  • Problem: How many moles of oxygen gas will react completely with 4.7 moles of sulfur dioxide?
  • Requires the balanced chemical equation: 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3
  • Use the mole ratio between SO2 and O2, which is 2:1.
  • Calculation: 4.7 moles SO2 * (1 mole O2 / 2 moles SO2) = 2.35 moles O2

Moles of Sulfur Dioxide to Moles of Oxygen Gas

  • Given: 4.7 moles of SO2.
  • Mole ratio between SO2 and O2 is 2:1.
  • Moles of O2 reacted = 4.7 / 2 = 2.35 moles.

Moles of Oxygen Gas Reacting with Sulfur Dioxide

  • Problem: Determine moles of oxygen gas (O2) that react with 4.7 moles of sulfur dioxide (SO2).
  • Mole ratio between SO2 and O2 is 2:1.
  • Calculation: 4.7 moles SO2 * (1 mole O2 / 2 moles SO2) = 2.35 moles O2.

Moles of A to Grams of B (or vice versa)

  • Involves two steps:
    • Convert moles of A to moles of B using the mole ratio.
    • Convert moles of B to grams of B using the molar mass of B.
  • Requires a balanced chemical equation and molar mass calculation.
  • Example: Propane (C3H8) reacts with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water.
  • The balanced equation is: C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O
  • Given 2.8 moles of propane, convert to grams of carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • Two-step process: convert moles of propane to moles of CO2, then moles of CO2 to grams of CO2.
  • Mole ratio of propane to CO2 is 1:3.
  • Molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g/mol
  • Calculation: 2.8 moles C3H8 * (3 moles CO2 / 1 mole C3H8) * (44.01 g CO2 / 1 mole CO2) = 369.68 g CO2

Example 2: Propane and Oxygen Gas Reaction

  • Propane (C3H8) reacts with oxygen gas (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
  • Balanced chemical equation: C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
  • If 2.8 moles of propane react with excess oxygen gas, 369.50 grams of CO2 will form.

Converting Moles of Propane to Grams of Carbon Dioxide

  • Given: 2.8 moles of propane (C3H8) react with excess oxygen gas.
  • First, convert moles of propane to moles of carbon dioxide using the mole ratio.
  • Mole ratio between propane and carbon dioxide is 1:3.
  • Second, convert moles of carbon dioxide to grams of carbon dioxide using molar mass.
  • Molar mass of CO2: 12.01 (C) + 2 * 16 (O) = 44.01 g/mol.
  • Grams of CO2 formed = 2.8 * 3 * 44.01 = 369.68 g.
  • Calculation: 2.8 moles C3H8 * (3 moles CO2 / 1 mole C3H8) * (44.01 g CO2 / 1 mole CO2) = 369.68 g CO2.

Moles of Propane to Grams of Carbon Dioxide

  • Given: 2.8 moles of C3H8 reacts with excess O2.
  • Two-step process:
    • Convert moles of C3H8 to moles of CO2 using the mole ratio.
    • Convert moles of CO2 to grams of CO2 using the molar mass of CO2.
  • Mole ratio between C3H8 and CO2 is 1:3.

Mole-to-Gram Conversion Example 2

  • How many grams of oxygen gas will completely react with 3.8 moles of propane?
  • Balanced equation: C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O
  • Convert moles of propane to moles of O2, then moles of O2 to grams of O2.
  • The mole ratio of propane to oxygen is 1:5.
  • The molar mass of O2 is 32 g/mol
  • Calculation: 3.8 moles C3H8 * (5 moles O2 / 1 mole C3H8) * (32 g O2 / 1 mole O2) = 608 g O2

Moles of Propane to Grams of Oxygen Gas

  • Given: 3.8 moles of C3H8.
  • Two-step process:
    • Convert moles of C3H8 to moles of O2 using the mole ratio.
    • Convert moles of O2 to grams of O2 using the molar mass of O2.
  • Mole ratio between C3H8 and O2 is 1:5.

Grams of Oxygen Gas Reacting with Propane

  • Problem: Determine grams of oxygen gas (O2) that react with 3.8 moles of propane (C3H8).
  • First, convert moles of propane to moles of oxygen gas using the mole ratio.
  • Mole ratio between propane and oxygen is 1:5.
  • Second, convert moles of oxygen gas to grams of oxygen gas using molar mass.
  • Molar mass of O2: 2 * 16 = 32 g/mol.
  • Grams of O2 reacted = 3.8 * 5 * 32 = 608 g.
  • Calculation: 3.8 moles C3H8 * (5 moles O2 / 1 mole C3H8) * (32 g O2 / 1 mole O2) = 608 g O2.

Grams of A to Grams of B

  • Involves three steps:
    • Convert grams of A to moles of A using the molar mass of A.
    • Convert moles of A to moles of B using the mole ratio.
    • Convert moles of B to grams of B using the molar mass of B.
  • Requires three steps: converting grams to moles, using the mole ratio, and converting moles to grams.
  • Example: Aluminum reacts with chlorine gas to form aluminum chloride.
  • Balanced equation: 2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3

Gram-to-Mole Conversion

  • Requires using molar mass to convert grams to moles, then the mole ratio.
  • Example: If 25 g of C3H8 reacts with excess oxygen, how many moles of water will form?
  • Use the molar mass of propane (44.094 g/mol) to convert grams of propane to moles of propane.
  • The mole ratio of propane to water is 1:4.
  • Calculation: 25 g C3H8 * (1 mole C3H8 / 44.094 g C3H8) * (4 moles H2O / 1 mole C3H8) = 2.27 moles H2O

Grams of Propane to Moles of Water

  • Given: 25 g of C3H8 reacts with excess oxygen.
  • Two-step process:
    • Convert grams of C3H8 to moles of C3H8 using the molar mass of C3H8.
    • Convert moles of C3H8 to moles of H2O using the mole ratio.
  • Molar mass of C3H8 = (3 * 12.01) + (8 * 1.008) = 44.094 g/mol.
  • Mole ratio between C3H8 and H2O is 1:4.
  • Moles of H2O formed = (25 / 44.094) * 4 = 2.27 moles.
  • Given: 25 grams of propane (C3H8) react with excess oxygen.
  • First, convert grams of propane to moles of propane using molar mass.
  • Molar mass of propane: 3 * 12.01 (C) + 8 * 1.008 (H) = 44.094 g/mol.
  • Second, convert moles of propane to moles of water using the mole ratio.
  • Mole ratio between propane and water is 1:4.
  • Calculation: 25 g C3H8 * (1 mole C3H8 / 44.094 g C3H8) * (4 moles H2O / 1 mole C3H8) = 2.27 moles H2O.

Gram-to-Mole Conversion Example 2

  • If 38 g of water are produced, how many moles of CO2 were produced?
  • The molar mass of water (H2O) is 18.016 g/mol.
  • The mole ratio of water to carbon dioxide is 4:3.
  • Calculation: 38 g H2O * (1 mole H2O / 18.016 g H2O) * (3 moles CO2 / 4 moles H2O) = 1.58 moles CO2

Grams of Water to Moles of Carbon Dioxide

  • Given: 38 g of H2O produced.
  • Two-step process:
    • Convert grams of H2O to moles of H2O using the molar mass of H2O.
    • Convert moles of H2O to moles of CO2 using the mole ratio.
  • Molar mass of H2O = (2 * 1.008) + 16 = 18.016 g/mol.
  • Mole ratio between H2O and CO2 is 4:3.
  • Moles of CO2 produced = (38 / 18.016) * (3 / 4) = 1.58 moles.
  • Given: 38 grams of water (H2O) are produced in the reaction.
  • First, convert grams of water to moles of water using molar mass.
  • Molar mass of water: 2 * 1.008 (H) + 16 (O) = 18.016 g/mol.
  • Second, convert moles of water to moles of carbon dioxide using the mole ratio.
  • Mole ratio between water and carbon dioxide is 4:3.
  • Calculation: 38 g H2O * (1 mole H2O / 18.016 g H2O) * (3 moles CO2 / 4 moles H2O) = 1.58 moles CO2.

Balancing Equations

  • Balancing chemical equations ensures the number of atoms for each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
  • For the reaction of aluminum and chlorine gas, balancing involves adjusting coefficients to achieve equal numbers of atoms.

Example 3: Aluminum and Chlorine Gas Reaction

  • Aluminum (Al) reacts with chlorine gas (Cl2) to form aluminum chloride (AlCl3).
  • Aluminum has a +3 charge, and chloride has a -1 charge, hence the AlCl3 formula, which is balanced.
  • The balanced chemical equation: 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
  • Balanced chemical equation: 2 Al + 3 Cl2 → 2 AlCl3

Gram-to-Gram Worked Example

  • If 35 g of aluminum react with excess chlorine, how many grams of aluminum chloride will form?
  • Requires converting grams of aluminum to moles of aluminum, then moles of aluminum to moles of aluminum chloride, and finally moles of aluminum chloride to grams of aluminum chloride.
  • The molar mass of aluminum is 26.98 g/mol.
  • The mole ratio of Al to AlCl3 is 2:2
  • The molar mass of AlCl3 is 133.33 g/mol.
  • Calculation: 35 g Al * (1 mole Al / 26.98 g Al) * (2 moles AlCl3 / 2 moles Al) * (133.33 g AlCl3 / 1 mole AlCl3) = 172.96 g AlCl3

Grams of Aluminum to Grams of Aluminum Chloride

  • Given: 35 g of Al reacts with excess Cl2.
  • Three-step process:
    • Convert grams of Al to moles of Al using the molar mass of Al.
    • Convert moles of Al to moles of AlCl3 using the mole ratio.
    • Convert moles of AlCl3 to grams of AlCl3 using the molar mass of AlCl3.
  • Molar mass of Al = 26.98 g/mol.
  • Mole ratio between Al and AlCl3 is 2:2 (or 1:1).
  • Molar mass of AlCl3 = 26.98 + (3 * 35.45) = 133.33 g/mol.
  • Grams of AlCl3 formed = (35 / 26.98) * 1 * 133.33 = 172.95 g.
  • If 35 grams of aluminum reacts with excess chlorine, 172.96 grams of aluminum chloride will form.
  • First, convert grams of aluminum to moles of aluminum using molar mass.
  • Molar mass of aluminum: 26.98 g/mol.
  • Second, convert moles of aluminum to moles of aluminum chloride using the mole ratio.
  • Mole ratio between aluminum and aluminum chloride is 2:2.
  • Third, convert moles of aluminum chloride to grams of aluminum chloride using molar mass.
  • Molar mass of AlCl3: 26.98 (Al) + 3 * 35.45 (Cl) = 133.33 g/mol.
  • Calculation: 35 g Al * (1 mole Al / 26.98 g Al) * (2 moles AlCl3 / 2 moles Al) * (133.33 g AlCl3 / 1 mole AlCl3) = 172.96 g AlCl3.

Gram-to-Gram Conversion Example 2

  • How many grams of chlorine will react completely with 42.8 g of aluminum?
  • Needs grams of aluminum to moles of aluminum. Then moles of aluminum to moles of chlorine gas. Final step is moles of chlorine gas to grams of chlorine gas
  • Use the molar mass of aluminum (26.98 g/mol).
  • Use the mole ratio of aluminum to chlorine gas which is 2:3:.
  • Use the molar mass of chlorine gas Cl2 whichis 70.9 g/mol.
  • Calculation: 42.8 g Al * (1 mole Al / 26.98 g Al) * (3 moles Cl2 / 2 moles Al) * (70.9 g Cl2 / 1 mole Cl2) = 168.75 g Cl2

Grams of Aluminum to Grams of Chlorine Gas

  • Given: 42.8 g of Al.
  • Three-step process:
    • Convert grams of Al to moles of Al using the molar mass of Al.
    • Convert moles of Al to moles of Cl2 using the mole ratio.
    • Convert moles of Cl2 to grams of Cl2 using the molar mass of Cl2.
  • Molar mass of Al = 26.98 g/mol.
  • Mole ratio between Al and Cl2 is 2:3.
  • Molar mass of Cl2 = 2 * 35.45 = 70.9 g/mol.
  • Grams of Cl2 reacted = (42.8 / 26.98) * (3 / 2) * 70.9 = 168.75 g.

Grams of Chlorine Reacting with Aluminum

  • Problem: Determine grams of chlorine gas (Cl2) that completely react with 42.8 grams of aluminum (Al).
  • Molar mass of aluminum: 26.98 g/mol.
  • Mole ratio between aluminum and chlorine gas is 2:3.
  • Molar mass of Cl2: 2 * 35.45 = 70.9 g/mol.
  • Calculation: 42.8 g Al * (1 mole Al / 26.98 g Al) * (3 moles Cl2 / 2 moles Al) * (70.9 g Cl2 / 1 mole Cl2) = 168.75 g Cl2.

The Mole Concept in Chemistry

  • The mole is a unit of amount equivalent to 6.02 x 10^23, also known as Avogadro's number.
  • A mole represents 6.02 x 10^23 items, similar to how a dozen represents 12 items.

Avogadro's Number

  • Avogadro's number is approximately 6 x 10^23, with a more precise value of 6.022 x 10^23.
  • It converts between the number of moles and the number of atoms, molecules, or formula units.

Molar Conversions

  • To convert moles to the number of particles, multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number.
  • Four moles of carbon atoms equals 4 x (6 x 10^23), or 2.4 x 10^24 carbon atoms.

Terminology: Atoms, Molecules, and Formula Units

  • "Atoms" are for elements like carbon (C), zinc (Zn), or neon (Ne).
  • "Molecules" are for particles with multiple atoms, often nonmetals, such as H2, H2O, or C6H6.
  • "Formula units" are for ionic compounds (metal + nonmetal), including sodium chloride (NaCl) or magnesium oxide (MgO).

Converting Moles of Compounds to Molecules and Atoms

  • Multiplying moles of a compound by Avogadro's number converts to molecules.
  • Multiplying the number of molecules by the number of atoms of a specific element in each molecule finds the number of atoms for that element.
  • Five moles of methane (CH4) equals 3.0 x 10^24 molecules of CH4 and 1.2 x 10^25 atoms of hydrogen.

Converting Moles of Ionic Compounds to Formula Units and Ions

  • Multiplying moles of an ionic compound by Avogadro's number converts to formula units.
  • Multiplying the number of formula units by the number of those ions in each formula unit finds the number of ions of a specific element.
  • Four moles of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) equals 2.4 x 10^24 formula units of AlCl3 and 7.2 x 10^24 chloride ions.

Working Backwards: Converting Particles to Moles

  • Dividing atoms, molecules, or formula units by Avogadro's number converts to moles.
  • Three x 10^24 atoms of hydrogen gives (3 x 10^24) / (6 x 10^23), or 5 moles of hydrogen.

Calculating Molar Mass

  • Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
  • Summing the atomic masses of all atoms in the compound calculates molar mass.
  • For C2H6, molar mass equals (2 x 12) + (6 x 1) = 30 g/mol.

Molar Mass Examples

  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) has a molar mass of 23 (Na) + 16 (O) + 1 (H) = 40 g/mol.
  • Glucose (C6H12O6) has a molar mass of (6 x 12) + (12 x 1) + (6 x 16) = 180 g/mol.

Converting Grams to Moles

  • Dividing the mass by the molar mass converts grams to moles.
  • Thirty-four grams of ammonia (NH3) equals 34 / 17 (molar mass of NH3) = 2 moles of NH3.

Converting Moles to Grams

  • Multiplying the number of moles by the molar mass converts moles to grams.
  • Three moles of neon (Ne) equals 3 x 20 (molar mass of Ne) = 60 grams of neon.

Converting Grams to Atoms

  • To convert grams to atoms, convert grams to moles and then moles to atoms using Avogadro's number.
  • Twelve grams of helium (He) equals (12 / 4) moles of He, which is 3 moles of He, which gives 1.8 x 10^24 atoms of helium.

Converting Atoms to Grams

  • To convert atoms to grams, convert atoms to moles using Avogadro's number, then convert moles to grams using the molar mass.
  • Nine x 10^24 atoms of argon (Ar) equals (9 x 10^24) / (6 x 10^23) moles of Ar, which is 15 moles of Ar, or 600 grams of argon.

Solution Stoichiometry

  • It focuses on quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions which occur in solutions.

Volume Calculation for Complete Reaction

  • Problem example: Determine the volume of 0.35 M silver nitrate ($AgNO_3$) solution needed to completely react with 55 mL of 0.24 M sodium chloride ($NaCl$) solution.
  • Silver nitrate ($AgNO_3$) reacts with sodium chloride ($NaCl$) in a double replacement reaction, producing silver chloride ($AgCl$) and sodium nitrate ($NaNO_3$).
  • Silver and chlorine combine in a 1:1 ratio to form silver chloride ($AgCl$).
  • Sodium and nitrate combine in a 1:1 ratio to form sodium nitrate ($NaNO_3$).
  • The balanced chemical equation is: $AgNO_3 + NaCl \rightarrow AgCl + NaNO_3$
  • Volume of $AgNO_3$ required is 37.7 mL.

Calculation Steps for Volume

  • First, convert the volume of sodium chloride to liters: 55 mL = 0.055 L
  • Second, use the molarity of the sodium chloride solution as a conversion factor: 0.24 moles $NaCl$ / 1 L solution
  • Third, apply the mole ratio from the balanced equation to convert moles of $NaCl$ to moles of $AgNO_3$: 1 mole $NaCl$ : 1 mole $AgNO_3$
  • Fourth, use the molarity of the silver nitrate solution to convert moles of $AgNO_3$ to liters of solution: 0.35 moles $AgNO_3$ / 1 L solution
  • Volume of $AgNO_3$ = (0.24 mol/L) * (0.055 L) / (0.35 mol/L) = 0.0377 L = 37.7 mL.

Alternative Equation: M1V1 = M2V2

  • This alternative equation can be used when the problem involves molarity, volume, molarity, and volume.
  • $M_1V_1$ refers to silver nitrate, and $M_2V_2$ refers to sodium chloride.
  • $M_1$ = 0.35 M (concentration of silver nitrate)
  • $V_1$ = unknown volume of silver nitrate
  • $M_2$ = 0.24 M (concentration of sodium chloride)
  • $V_2$ = 55 mL (volume of sodium chloride)
  • $V_1$ = (0.24 * 55) / 0.35 = 37.7 mL

Determining Original Concentration

  • Problem example: 37 mL of 0.29 M potassium iodide ($KI$) solution is required to completely react with 42 mL of lead(II) nitrate ($Pb(NO_3)_2$) solution; find the original concentration of the lead(II) nitrate solution.
  • Lead(II) nitrate reacts with potassium iodide in a double replacement reaction.
  • Lead and iodide combine to form lead(II) iodide ($PbI_2$).
  • Potassium and nitrate combine to form potassium nitrate ($KNO_3$).
  • The balanced chemical equation is: $Pb(NO_3)_2 + 2KI \rightarrow PbI_2 + 2KNO_3$
  • The original concentration of the lead(II) nitrate solution is 0.1277 M.

Calculation Steps for Concentration

  • First, convert the volume of potassium iodide to liters: 37 mL = 0.037 L
  • Second, apply the molarity of the potassium iodide solution: 0.29 moles $KI$ / 1 L solution
  • Third, use the mole ratio from the balanced equation: 2 moles $KI$ : 1 mole $Pb(NO_3)_2$
  • Fourth, divide by the volume of lead(II) nitrate in liters to find the molarity: 42 mL = 0.042 L
  • Molarity of $Pb(NO_3)_2$ = (0.29 mol/L * 0.037 L) / 2 / 0.042 L = 0.1277 M

Alternative Equation with Mole Ratio

  • Use $M_1V_1 = M_2V_2$, modified to include the mole ratio from the balanced equation.
  • $M_1V_1$ refers to lead(II) nitrate, and $M_2V_2$ refers to potassium iodide.
  • The coefficients in the balanced equation are exchanged and placed on the opposite side of the equation: $1 * M_1V_1 = 2 * M_2V_2$
  • M1 = molarity of lead(II) nitrate (unknown)
  • V1 = 42 mL
  • M2 = 0.29 M
  • V2 = 37 mL
  • $M_1$ = (0.29 * 37) / 42 = 0.1277 M

Mass of Product Calculation

  • Problem example: Determine the mass of solid magnesium hydroxide ($Mg(OH)_2$) that can be produced from 45 mL of 0.63 M magnesium nitrate ($Mg(NO_3)_2$) solution reacting with excess sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$).
  • Magnesium nitrate reacts with sodium hydroxide.
  • Magnesium and hydroxide combine to form magnesium hydroxide.
  • Sodium and nitrate combine to form sodium nitrate ($NaNO_3$).
  • The balanced chemical equation is: $Mg(NO_3)_2 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Mg(OH)_2 + 2NaNO_3$
  • Sodium hydroxide is in excess, so magnesium nitrate is the limiting reactant.
  • Mass of $Mg(OH)_2$ produced is 1.65 grams.

Calculation Steps for Product Mass

  • First, convert the volume of magnesium nitrate to liters: 45 mL = 0.045 L
  • Second, use the molarity of the magnesium nitrate solution: 0.63 moles $Mg(NO_3)_2$ / 1 L solution
  • Third, use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to convert moles of $Mg(NO_3)_2$ to moles of $Mg(OH)_2$: 1 mole $Mg(NO_3)_2$ : 1 mole $Mg(OH)_2$
  • Fourth, convert moles of magnesium hydroxide to grams using its molar mass.
  • Molar mass of $Mg(OH)_2$ = 24.305 + 2(16) + 2(1.008) = 58.321 g/mol
  • Mass of $Mg(OH)_2$ = (0.63 mol/L * 0.045 L) * 58.321 g/mol = 1.65 grams

Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield

  • Problem example: Determine the mass of solid calcium phosphate ($Ca_3(PO_4)_2$) produced by mixing 73 mL of 0.17 M sodium phosphate ($Na_3PO_4$) solution with 58 mL of 0.24 M calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) solution.
  • Sodium phosphate reacts with calcium chloride.
  • Sodium and chloride combine to form sodium chloride ($NaCl$).
  • Calcium and phosphate combine to form calcium phosphate.
  • The balanced chemical equation is: $2Na_3PO_4 + 3CaCl_2 \rightarrow Ca_3(PO_4)_2 + 6NaCl$
  • The limiting reactant must be determined in this example since information is provided for both reactants.

Calculation steps for Theoretical Yield

  • Calculate the mass of calcium phosphate produced from each reactant separately.
  • First, for Sodium Phosphate:
    • Convert the volume of sodium phosphate to liters: 73 mL = 0.073 L
    • Use the molarity of the sodium phosphate solution: 0.17 moles $Na_3PO_4$ / 1 L solution
    • Use the mole ratio: 2 moles $Na_3PO_4$ : 1 mole $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$
    • Molar mass of $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$ = 3(40.08) + 2(30.97) + 8(16) = 310.18 g/mol
    • Mass of $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$ = (0.17 mol/L * 0.073 L) / 2 * 310.18 g/mol = 1.925 grams

Theoretical Yield Calculation:

  • Second, for Calcium Chloride:
    • Convert the volume of calcium chloride to liters: 58 mL = 0.058 L
    • Use the molarity of the calcium chloride solution: 0.24 moles $CaCl_2$ / 1 L solution
    • Use the mole ratio: 3 moles $CaCl_2$ : 1 mole $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$
    • Molar mass of $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$ = 310.18 g/mol
    • Mass of $Ca_3(PO_4)_2$ = (0.24 mol/L * 0.058 L) / 3 * 310.18 g/mol = 1.439 grams
  • Calcium chloride is the limiting reactant as it produces less calcium phosphate.
  • The theoretical yield of calcium phosphate is 1.439 grams.
  • Sodium phosphate is the excess reactant.

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