Stimulus Control III Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary outcome for the experimental group when stimulus A was presented?

  • Higher suppression ratio compared to the control group (correct)
  • Increased avoidance of stimulus A
  • Lower suppression ratio compared to the control group
  • No difference in behavior towards stimulus A

What role do contextual cues play in learning according to the content?

  • They are crucial for the timing of responses.
  • They can hinder the conditioning process.
  • They provide an additional source of control for learned behavior. (correct)
  • They have no significant impact on learned behavior.

How did learning outcomes differ between the experimental and control groups regarding stimulus A?

  • Both groups showed a similar response to stimulus A.
  • The experimental group experienced a more significant response to stimulus A. (correct)
  • The experimental group experienced no response to stimulus A.
  • The control group generalized learning from stimulus N to stimulus A.

What was true about the pairing of stimuli A and N in the experimental group?

<p>Both stimuli A and N had been paired with food. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes discrete stimuli as mentioned in the content?

<p>They have a clear beginning and end and can be easily described. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the peak-shift effect primarily depend on according to Spence's explanation?

<p>The extent of excitation to S+ and inhibition to S- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Spence's peak shift effect, what happens when S- is closer to S+?

<p>There is more inhibition from S- to S+. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of stimulus equivalence training?

<p>To train a common response to various stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key element of common outcome training?

<p>It links multiple different stimuli to a shared outcome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wavelength received the most pecking response according to the S-590 group's observations?

<p>540 nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of S- cues on drug-seeking behavior?

<p>They exert a powerful inhibitory influence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the peak shift effect describe in the context of stimulus discrimination?

<p>A displacement of the peak response away from S+. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Jenkins and Harrison study, what was the result of the intradimensional discrimination training?

<p>It created a peak-shift effect in responding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the control group in the pecking experiment?

<p>They displayed a standard excitatory generalization gradient centered at the S+. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How far apart were the stimuli in Group 3 of the bird pecking study?

<p>5 nm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the excitatory conditioning lead to, according to the content?

<p>Initiation of drug self-administration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of the interaction between S+ and S- in drug-seeking behavior?

<p>Inhibition can reduce drug-seeking even with excitatory processes intact. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a standard excitatory generalization gradient?

<p>Responses peak at the S+ and gradually decrease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of S+ in Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning?

<p>It leads to excitatory response tendencies upon reinforcement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does non-reinforcement of responding during S- have according to Spence's theory?

<p>It suppresses instrumental behavior due to conditioned inhibition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Kearns experiment, what was the role of the light in the presence of tone?

<p>It indicated the absence of reinforcement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was demonstrated by the suppression of lever pressing in the experimental group during the summation test?

<p>S- actively inhibited behavior during tests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about the learning of drugs of abuse through these conditioned responses?

<p>S- may contribute to compulsive drug-seeking behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if reinforcement occurred during S- conditions?

<p>It would lead to a lack of inhibitory properties in S-. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the experiment, what does the term 'differential responding' refer to?

<p>Responses dependent solely on whether S+ or S- are present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents trained behaviors toward S+ and S- in Spence's model?

<p>S+ promotes excitatory tendencies, while S- leads to inhibition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Spence's theory explain the excitatory response tendencies to S+?

<p>They are strengthened through active reinforcement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the lever pressing experiment with tone and light?

<p>Tone indicated reinforcement, but light suppressed pressing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do contextual cues play in behavior reinforcement?

<p>They signal reinforcement similarly to discrete conditioned stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Akins (1998), what was the main behavior observed in male quails when exposed to paired contexts?

<p>They showed a preference for the side paired with the female quail. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was used to measure side preference in the quail study?

<p>Measuring time spent in each compartment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for male quails in the control group regarding side preference?

<p>They showed no significant side preference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did prior exposure to a female quail affect the experimental group's results?

<p>It established a context associated with the female quail. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study on conditioned place-preference suggest about contextual associations?

<p>They can lead to strong preferences based on previous reinforcement experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of contextual cues influencing behavior?

<p>Studying effectively in a library but struggling in a different environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of time male quails spent in each context after experiencing the pairing with the female?

<p>5 minutes in the female context and 5 minutes in the other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do contextual cues have on behavior according to the information provided?

<p>They can control behavior if learned to predict a reinforcer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment by Thomas, McKelvie, and Mah, what happened to the pigeons' responses when the contexts were reversed?

<p>Pigeons responded to the lines consistent with the context they were trained in. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a modulator signify in classical conditioning?

<p>It shows when a binary relation is in effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the nature of the conditional relation observed in the contexts given?

<p>Each context activates a different S+/S− contingency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might drugs that share effects with certain learned behaviors become drugs of abuse?

<p>They can activate learned preferences in certain contexts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about learning in Context 2 regarding Context 1?

<p>There is no effect of Context 2 on responses learned in Context 1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do modulators play in classical conditioning according to the content?

<p>They facilitate the prediction of when a stimulus will occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the discrimination training, what was observed when the contingencies were reversed?

<p>Pigeons adapted to the new contingencies depending on the context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning

A theory proposing that learning to discriminate between stimuli (S+ and S-) involves associating excitatory responses with reinforcement (S+) and inhibitory responses with non-reinforcement (S-).

S+

Stimulus associated with reinforcement in a discrimination learning task.

S-

Stimulus associated with non-reinforcement in a discrimination learning task.

Discrimination learning

Learning to respond differently to different stimuli.

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Conditioned excitation

Increased tendency to respond to a stimulus after repeated pairings with reinforcement.

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Conditioned inhibition

A decreased tendency to respond to a stimulus after repeated pairings with non-reinforcement.

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Summation Test

A test used to evaluate the acquired properties of conditioned excitation and inhibition by presenting stimuli together.

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Cocaine Experiment

A study using cocaine and discrimination learning to explore how conditioned responses to drugs are learned.

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Control Group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or manipulation to compare the results from the experimental group.

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Lever pressing

A behavioral response to a stimulus, often used as an indicator of learning.

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Peak Shift Effect

A phenomenon where an animal's preference for a stimulus shifts away from the preferred stimulus (S+) after discrimination training with a similar but distinct stimulus (S-).

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Spence's Explanation

Spence's explanation suggests that the learning of excitation to the 'S+' stimulus and inhibition to the 'S-' stimulus during discrimination training generalizes to similar stimuli. The overlap of these gradients creates the peak shift effect.

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Stimulus Equivalence Training

A type of training that encourages generalized responding among different stimuli by linking them to a common outcome. This helps establish "stimulus equivalence" - similar stimuli elicit similar responses.

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Common Outcome Training

A method of stimulus equivalence training where a common response (like a behavior) is tied to several distinct stimuli or cues.

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Generalization Gradient

A gradual decrease in a response as a stimulus changes, away from the original training stimulus.

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Excitatory Conditioning

A learning process where a stimulus (S+) is associated with a positive outcome, increasing the likelihood of a response.

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S- Cue

A stimulus (S-) that is paired with the absence of a reward, decreasing the likelihood of a response

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Intradimensional Discrimination

A learning procedure where stimuli differ in only one dimension (e.g., color shade).

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Stimulus Generalization Gradient

The gradual decrease in a response rate as the stimulus changes.

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Drug Self-Administration

Taking drugs voluntarily in animal models (controlled experiments).

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Suppression Ratio (Clicker)

A measure of how much a behavior is suppressed by a stimulus (in this case, a fearful stimulus).

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Generalization (Clicker)

Learning about one stimulus (e.g., N) affecting the response to a similar stimulus (e.g., A).

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Contextual Cues

Background environmental factors that influence learned behavior.

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Discrete Stimulus

A stimulus with a clear beginning and end; easily identifiable.

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Discrete Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus that signals a specific response in a particular context.

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Contextual Cues as Signals

Environmental factors can act as cues, predicting the occurrence of a reinforcer, much like a traditional conditioned stimulus.

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Contextual Control of Behavior

Behaviors become linked to specific contexts, making them more likely to occur within those environments.

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Akins's Quail Experiment

A study demonstrating that context paired with sexual reinforcement creates a preference for that environment.

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Conditioned Place Preference

The development of a preference for a specific environment due to its association with positive experiences.

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Pairing Context and Reinforcer

In Conditioned Place Preference, the key is the association between the context and the reinforcement.

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Control Group in Akins's Study

Quails in this group did not have the context paired with the sexual reinforcement, serving as a comparison to the experimental group.

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Preference for the Paired Side

The experimental group in Akins's study showed a significant preference for the side of the box associated with the sexual reinforcement.

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Context as a CS

Just like a traditional conditioned stimulus, a context can signal the arrival of a reinforcer, controlling subsequent behaviors.

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Conditional Relation

A relationship where the effect of one stimulus depends on the presence of another, like a context or 'modulator.'

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Modulator

A stimulus that signals the presence or absence of a specific relationship between other stimuli.

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Occasion Setter

Another name for a modulator, indicating when a particular stimulus-response relationship is valid.

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Facilitator

A type of modulator that increases the likelihood of a specific behavior by indicating the presence of a rewarding stimulus.

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S+ and S-

S+ represents a stimulus predictably paired with reinforcement, while S- is paired with no reinforcement, leading to different responses.

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Study Notes

Stimulus Control III

  • Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning proposes that reinforcement of responses in the presence of a stimulus (S+) leads to excitatory tendencies associated with that stimulus.
  • Non-reinforcement during S- conditions leads to inhibitory properties and conditioned inhibition associated with the stimulus.
  • Differential responding to S+ and S- reflects both conditioned excitation to S+ and conditioned inhibition to S-.

Kearns and Colleagues (2005)

  • Experimental group: trained to lever press for cocaine, with a tone (S+) reinforced half the time, and a clicker (S+) reinforced other half the time. A light (S-) presented with no reinforcement.
  • Control group: trained to lever press for cocaine, with a tone (S+) reinforced half the time, and a clicker (S+) reinforced other half the time. A light (S-) presented with half the time reinforcement, other half with no reinforcement.
  • Summation Test: assessed lever pressing with tone alone and tone+light.
  • The experimental group suppressed lever pressing when tone+light was presented.

Hanson (1959) – Peak Shift Effect

  • Pigeons pecked more in the presence of light that was 550 nm.
  • Group 1 (control): no discrimination training.
  • Group 2: S+ = 550 nm, S - = 590 nm.
  • Group 3: S+ = 550 nm, S - = 555 nm.
  • The peak of the generalization gradient was shifted away from the S+ stimulus, in a direction opposite the S- stimulus.

Spence's Explanation of The Peak-Shift Effect

  • Discrimination training leads to learning of excitation to S+ and inhibition to S-.
  • Generalization to other stimuli, with excitatory gradients centered around S+ and inhibitory gradients centered around S-.
  • S+ and S- overlap; inhibition to S- generalizes to S+ if S- is close to S+; resulting in a greater peak-shift.

Stimulus Equivalence Training

  • Equivalence training encourages stimulus generalization.
  • Links stimuli to common outcomes (e.g., noise and clicker paired with food).
  • Involves training the same response to different stimuli (e.g., "fruit" referring to apples, strawberries, etc.).

Honey and Hall (1989): Stimulus Equivalence

  • Stage 1: Experimental group: tone and clicker paired with food. Control group: tone paired with food and clicker with no food.
  • Stage 2: Experimental group: clicker paired with shock. Control group: clicker paired with no shock.
  • Results show that stimulus equivalence may involve multiple stages.

Contextual Cues and Conditional Relations

  • Discrete stimuli are presented for brief periods with clear beginnings and ends, easily characterized.
  • Discrete discriminative stimuli occur in presence of background contextual cues (visual, auditory, olfactory).
  • Contextual cues provide an additional source of control of learned behavior.

Control by Contextual Cues

  • Contextual cues signal reinforcement similarly to discrete CSs (conditioned stimuli).
  • Contextual cues control behavior when serving as a signal for a US (unconditioned stimulus) or a reinforcer (e.g., studying in a library).

Conditioned Place-Preference:

  • Contextual cues can control behavior through learned associations.
  • Male quails spent more time in the compartment associated with the presence of a female, demonstrating a conditioned place preference.
  • Contextual cues, when associated with reinforcement (e.g., a female quail in a particular location), can become powerful stimuli related to the outcome or reinforcement.

Conditional Relation

  • Experiment by Thomas, McKelvie, and Mah (1985) explored control by contextual cues not correlated with reinforcement availability.
  • Pigeon learning in one context (e.g., vertical line) doesn't necessarily generalize to another (e.g., horizontal line)

Control by Conditional Relations

  • Modulator: binary relation determined by a third event (conditional relation).
  • Animals use modulators to understand when a binary relationship is in effect (e.g., understanding that a light signals the end of an auditory CS and the subsequent food delivery).

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Lecture 25: Stimulus Control III PSYC 2330 Fall 2024 PDF

Description

Test your understanding of Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning and the findings from Kearns and colleagues' 2005 study. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of how excitatory and inhibitory stimuli affect behavior and reinforcement. Dive into the complexities of conditioned responses with specific reference to the experimental and control groups in the study.

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