Stimulus Control III Quiz
44 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was the primary outcome for the experimental group when stimulus A was presented?

  • Higher suppression ratio compared to the control group (correct)
  • Increased avoidance of stimulus A
  • Lower suppression ratio compared to the control group
  • No difference in behavior towards stimulus A

    • What role do contextual cues play in learning according to the content?

  • They are crucial for the timing of responses.
  • They can hinder the conditioning process.
  • They provide an additional source of control for learned behavior. (correct)
  • They have no significant impact on learned behavior.

    • How did learning outcomes differ between the experimental and control groups regarding stimulus A?

  • Both groups showed a similar response to stimulus A.
  • The experimental group experienced a more significant response to stimulus A. (correct)
  • The experimental group experienced no response to stimulus A.
  • The control group generalized learning from stimulus N to stimulus A.

    • What was true about the pairing of stimuli A and N in the experimental group?

    <p>Both stimuli A and N had been paired with food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes discrete stimuli as mentioned in the content?

    <p>They have a clear beginning and end and can be easily described.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the peak-shift effect primarily depend on according to Spence's explanation?

    <p>The extent of excitation to S+ and inhibition to S-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Spence's peak shift effect, what happens when S- is closer to S+?

    <p>There is more inhibition from S- to S+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of stimulus equivalence training?

    <p>To train a common response to various stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a key element of common outcome training?

    <p>It links multiple different stimuli to a shared outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wavelength received the most pecking response according to the S-590 group's observations?

    <p>540 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of S- cues on drug-seeking behavior?

    <p>They exert a powerful inhibitory influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the peak shift effect describe in the context of stimulus discrimination?

    <p>A displacement of the peak response away from S+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Jenkins and Harrison study, what was the result of the intradimensional discrimination training?

    <p>It created a peak-shift effect in responding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the control group in the pecking experiment?

    <p>They displayed a standard excitatory generalization gradient centered at the S+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far apart were the stimuli in Group 3 of the bird pecking study?

    <p>5 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the excitatory conditioning lead to, according to the content?

    <p>Initiation of drug self-administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of the interaction between S+ and S- in drug-seeking behavior?

    <p>Inhibition can reduce drug-seeking even with excitatory processes intact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a standard excitatory generalization gradient?

    <p>Responses peak at the S+ and gradually decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of S+ in Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning?

    <p>It leads to excitatory response tendencies upon reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does non-reinforcement of responding during S- have according to Spence's theory?

    <p>It suppresses instrumental behavior due to conditioned inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Kearns experiment, what was the role of the light in the presence of tone?

    <p>It indicated the absence of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was demonstrated by the suppression of lever pressing in the experimental group during the summation test?

    <p>S- actively inhibited behavior during tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied about the learning of drugs of abuse through these conditioned responses?

    <p>S- may contribute to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if reinforcement occurred during S- conditions?

    <p>It would lead to a lack of inhibitory properties in S-.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the experiment, what does the term 'differential responding' refer to?

    <p>Responses dependent solely on whether S+ or S- are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately represents trained behaviors toward S+ and S- in Spence's model?

    <p>S+ promotes excitatory tendencies, while S- leads to inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Spence's theory explain the excitatory response tendencies to S+?

    <p>They are strengthened through active reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the lever pressing experiment with tone and light?

    <p>Tone indicated reinforcement, but light suppressed pressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do contextual cues play in behavior reinforcement?

    <p>They signal reinforcement similarly to discrete conditioned stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Akins (1998), what was the main behavior observed in male quails when exposed to paired contexts?

    <p>They showed a preference for the side paired with the female quail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method was used to measure side preference in the quail study?

    <p>Measuring time spent in each compartment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for male quails in the control group regarding side preference?

    <p>They showed no significant side preference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did prior exposure to a female quail affect the experimental group's results?

    <p>It established a context associated with the female quail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study on conditioned place-preference suggest about contextual associations?

    <p>They can lead to strong preferences based on previous reinforcement experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of contextual cues influencing behavior?

    <p>Studying effectively in a library but struggling in a different environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the duration of time male quails spent in each context after experiencing the pairing with the female?

    <p>5 minutes in the female context and 5 minutes in the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do contextual cues have on behavior according to the information provided?

    <p>They can control behavior if learned to predict a reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment by Thomas, McKelvie, and Mah, what happened to the pigeons' responses when the contexts were reversed?

    <p>Pigeons responded to the lines consistent with the context they were trained in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a modulator signify in classical conditioning?

    <p>It shows when a binary relation is in effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best captures the nature of the conditional relation observed in the contexts given?

    <p>Each context activates a different S+/S− contingency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might drugs that share effects with certain learned behaviors become drugs of abuse?

    <p>They can activate learned preferences in certain contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied about learning in Context 2 regarding Context 1?

    <p>There is no effect of Context 2 on responses learned in Context 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do modulators play in classical conditioning according to the content?

    <p>They facilitate the prediction of when a stimulus will occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following the discrimination training, what was observed when the contingencies were reversed?

    <p>Pigeons adapted to the new contingencies depending on the context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stimulus Control III

    • Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning proposes that reinforcement of responses in the presence of a stimulus (S+) leads to excitatory tendencies associated with that stimulus.
    • Non-reinforcement during S- conditions leads to inhibitory properties and conditioned inhibition associated with the stimulus.
    • Differential responding to S+ and S- reflects both conditioned excitation to S+ and conditioned inhibition to S-.

    Kearns and Colleagues (2005)

    • Experimental group: trained to lever press for cocaine, with a tone (S+) reinforced half the time, and a clicker (S+) reinforced other half the time. A light (S-) presented with no reinforcement.
    • Control group: trained to lever press for cocaine, with a tone (S+) reinforced half the time, and a clicker (S+) reinforced other half the time. A light (S-) presented with half the time reinforcement, other half with no reinforcement.
    • Summation Test: assessed lever pressing with tone alone and tone+light.
    • The experimental group suppressed lever pressing when tone+light was presented.

    Hanson (1959) – Peak Shift Effect

    • Pigeons pecked more in the presence of light that was 550 nm.
    • Group 1 (control): no discrimination training.
    • Group 2: S+ = 550 nm, S - = 590 nm.
    • Group 3: S+ = 550 nm, S - = 555 nm.
    • The peak of the generalization gradient was shifted away from the S+ stimulus, in a direction opposite the S- stimulus.

    Spence's Explanation of The Peak-Shift Effect

    • Discrimination training leads to learning of excitation to S+ and inhibition to S-.
    • Generalization to other stimuli, with excitatory gradients centered around S+ and inhibitory gradients centered around S-.
    • S+ and S- overlap; inhibition to S- generalizes to S+ if S- is close to S+; resulting in a greater peak-shift.

    Stimulus Equivalence Training

    • Equivalence training encourages stimulus generalization.
    • Links stimuli to common outcomes (e.g., noise and clicker paired with food).
    • Involves training the same response to different stimuli (e.g., "fruit" referring to apples, strawberries, etc.).

    Honey and Hall (1989): Stimulus Equivalence

    • Stage 1: Experimental group: tone and clicker paired with food. Control group: tone paired with food and clicker with no food.
    • Stage 2: Experimental group: clicker paired with shock. Control group: clicker paired with no shock.
    • Results show that stimulus equivalence may involve multiple stages.

    Contextual Cues and Conditional Relations

    • Discrete stimuli are presented for brief periods with clear beginnings and ends, easily characterized.
    • Discrete discriminative stimuli occur in presence of background contextual cues (visual, auditory, olfactory).
    • Contextual cues provide an additional source of control of learned behavior.

    Control by Contextual Cues

    • Contextual cues signal reinforcement similarly to discrete CSs (conditioned stimuli).
    • Contextual cues control behavior when serving as a signal for a US (unconditioned stimulus) or a reinforcer (e.g., studying in a library).

    Conditioned Place-Preference:

    • Contextual cues can control behavior through learned associations.
    • Male quails spent more time in the compartment associated with the presence of a female, demonstrating a conditioned place preference.
    • Contextual cues, when associated with reinforcement (e.g., a female quail in a particular location), can become powerful stimuli related to the outcome or reinforcement.

    Conditional Relation

    • Experiment by Thomas, McKelvie, and Mah (1985) explored control by contextual cues not correlated with reinforcement availability.
    • Pigeon learning in one context (e.g., vertical line) doesn't necessarily generalize to another (e.g., horizontal line)

    Control by Conditional Relations

    • Modulator: binary relation determined by a third event (conditional relation).
    • Animals use modulators to understand when a binary relationship is in effect (e.g., understanding that a light signals the end of an auditory CS and the subsequent food delivery).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Lecture 25: Stimulus Control III PSYC 2330 Fall 2024 PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning and the findings from Kearns and colleagues' 2005 study. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of how excitatory and inhibitory stimuli affect behavior and reinforcement. Dive into the complexities of conditioned responses with specific reference to the experimental and control groups in the study.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser